WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE

THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE - 1857


By the middle of the 19th century, the English rule in India was firmly established . The system of Subsidiary Alliance and the Doctrine of Lapse had extended the English territory to its natural limits. However, discontentment was growing within this apparent stability, which resulted in the revolt of 1857. This revolt has been called as the Sepoy Mutiny by the British Historians and as the first war of Indian Independence by Indian Historians. We will begin this lesson with this video clip. Enjoy!!







INTRODUCTION

The Indian Rebellion of 1857 began as a mutiny of sepoys of the British East India Company's army on 10 May, 1857, in the town of Meerut, and soon erupted into other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in the upper Gangetic plain and central India, with the major hostilities confined to present-day Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Madhya Pradesh, and the Delhi region. The rebellion posed a considerable threat to Company power in that region, and it was contained only with the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858. The rebellion is also known as India's First War of Independence, the Great Rebellion, the Indian Mutiny, the Revolt of 1857, the Uprising of 1857 and the Sepoy Mutiny.
The rebels, often considered freedom fighters by Indian nationalists, quickly captured large swathes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, including Delhi, where they installed the Mughal ruler, Bahadur Shah Zafar, as Emperor of Hindustan. The Company response came rapidly as well: by September 1857, with help from fresh reinforcements, Delhi had been retaken.Nevertheless, it then took the better part of 1858 for the rebellion to be completely suppressed in Oudh.
Other regions of Company-controlled India—Bengal province, the Bombay Presidency, and the Madras Presidency—remained largely calm.In Punjab, only recently annexed by the East India Company, the Sikh princes backed the Company by providing both soldiers and support. The large princely states, Hyderabad, Mysore, Travancore, and Kashmir, as well as the smaller ones of Rajputana, by not joining the rebellion, served, in the Governor-General Lord Canning's words, as "breakwaters in a storm" for the Company.
In some regions, especially in Oudh, the rebellion took on the attributes of a patriotic revolt against European presence;however, although the rebel leaders, especially the Rani of Jhansi, became folk heroes in the burgeoning nationalist movement in India half a century later, they themselves "generated no coherent ideology or programme on which to build a new order."





Still, the rebellion proved to be an important watershed in Indian history; it led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India.


India was thereafter directly governed by the British government —originally via the India Office and a cabinet-level Secretary of State for India—in the new British Raj, a system of governance that underwent several reforms prior to Indian independence in 1947







CAUSES

POLITICAL CAUSES:

The annexation policy of British was one of the major causes. The terms of the Subsidiary treaties signed by Wellesley with different rulers were never honoured unless it suited the British interests. The Doctrine of Lapse introduced by Dalhousie led to the outright annexation of eight states. Nana Saheb lost his pension. Rani of Jhansi was not permitted to adopt a son. They turned against the British. They were the most able leaders of the revolt. The annexation of Oudh and deposition of its ruler Wazid Ali Shah, made Oudh the most prominent centre of the revolt. Bahadur Shah II, the Mughal Emperor and his successors were humiliated by the British. They were prohibited from using their ancestral palace, the Red Fort, in future. Besides, the Muslims were in general dissatisfied with the British. They felt that they had lost their political power. Lakhs of soldiers employed by the dethroned princes became unemployed.

Administrative Causes :

The Indians disliked and distrusted the administration of the British. For example, the replacement of Persian language by English as the court language was not liked by the people. The judicial system of the British was costly, mechanical and involved much time. The poor could draw no advantage from it. The rich disliked it because they could be brought to trial even by appeals of the common men who had been subservient to them for centuries. The police system of the British was not effective by that time. The people always felt insecure of their property, life and honour. The most affected part of British administration was the revenue system. Under the British the peasants and the landlords suffered equally. The peasants had to pay heavy revenue taxes. The landlords were devoid of their special privileges. The British excluded the Indians from all high civil and military jobs. So the educated Indians who expected to get gainful employment in the service of the company were disappointed.

Economic Causes :

The economic exploitation of the country, the huge drain of wealth and the disappearance of the native industries dislocated the economic life of the people in India. The British crippled Indian trade and manufacture. They imposed heavy protective duties in Britain while British goods were imported into India at a nominal duty. The machine made British goods flooded the Indian markets and ruined Indian manufacture. With the disappearance of the old aristocratic Zamindars and rulers, the Indian artisans and craftmen lost their patronage. The Indian weavers and handicraftsmen were forced to work according to the desires of the servants of the company. They in return received very little wages. Naturally they lost their interest. It destroyed the cotton textile industry of India which was the largest and most beneficial industry. Thousands of people who held administrative posts under the Indian rulers were deposed. Loss of employment affected others who were dependent on those employees for their livelihood. Lord Bentinck’s resumption of rent-free tenures reduced the landowners to poverty. The English abolished several intermediaries like Jagirdars and Taluqdars. The out-break of seven famines in the first half of the nineteenth century made the economic distress more acute.

Social Causes :

The British regarded the Indians as an inferior race. They exhibited racial arrogance. They showed contempt in their dealing with the Indians. The Indians could not travel in first class train compartments. They were kept away from all social gatherings. They were not allowed to mix up with the English men. The conservative section of the Indians were alarmed by the rapid spread of Western culture and English education in India. Measures like the suppression of Sati and female infanticide, remarriage of widows and the right of inheritance to Christian converts offended the Indian orthodox sentiments.

Religious Causes :

The Christian missionaries were active in propagating Christianity. These activities created a sense of fear in the minds of the Indians. They suspected that the British were out to destroy their religions and convert India into a Christian land. R.D. Mangles, a member of the British Parliament, declared openly that ‘Every British must try his utmost to convert every Indian to Christianity and the banner of Christ should wave triumphant from one end of India to the other. This declaration created a great anger and disbelief against the British rule. Religious sentiments were aroused when the British imposed taxes on the lands belonging to temples and mosques. The priests and the maulvis showed their discontent against the British rule. All these activities made the British unpopular.

Military Causes :

The Indian soldiers were called the Sepoys. They constituted the majority of the British army in India. In fact, the sword of the British power rested on the loyalty and strength of these Indian Sepoys. But they were treated with contempt and made to feel inferior by the British. They were paid less than their British counterparts. The Indian sepoys had no chance of promotion in the army. They were prohibited from their traditional religious practices like wearing a saffron mark on their forehead, growing beard and wearing turbans. Lord Cannings’ Government passed in 1856, “The General Services Enlistment Act”. It compelled the Indian Sepoys to serve abroad, if there was need. They had to cross the seas. It made them angry against the British.

Immediate Cause :

There were about 40,000 British soldiers in the army and the number of Indians exceeded two lakhs. This numerical superiority made the sepoys feel that they could easily throw the English out if they acted unitedly. The Sepoys who were discontented by the English policies had a reason to feel alarmed.The immediate cause was the introduction of new enfield rifles by the British. The cartridges were greased by animal fat. The bullets had thick covering which had to be bitten off before loading. Believing that the fat of cow and pig had been used to grease these cartridges both the Hindu and Muslim sepoys refused to use them. They thought that this would offend their religious tradition because the cow is sacred to the Hindus and the pig is detestable to the Muslims. On 29 March 1857 at Barrackpore, near Kolkata, Mangal Pandey, a young Indian Sepoy from Bengal Regiment, refused to use the greased cartridge, and shot down his sergeant. He was arrested, tried and executed. When this news spread many sepoys started the revolt.

The course of the Revolt :

The Sepoys brokeout into open revolt at Meerut in April 1857. They refused to touch the greased cartridges. They were courtmartialled and sentenced to ten years rigorous imprisonment. The regiments in Meerut rose in open revolt on 10 May 1857. They broke and opened the prison. They released the imprisoned soldiers and killed every European they saw, many whites were publicly killed. The revolt spread to Kanpur, Lucknow, Nasirabad, benaras and Jhansi. Then they marched to Delhi on 11 May and brought it under their control. They proclaimed the reluctant Bahadur Shah II, the old king of Delhi, as the Emperor. Sepoys from other centres too marched to Delhi. When the emperor expressed his inability to pay the salaries to the soldiers, they looted the treasury at Kanpur and other places. They resorted to many violent acts.

After a long fight, the English army led by John Nicholson, with the help of Sikh sepoys, reconquered Delhi.

this picture is belong to the Last King of mughal empire after 1857 war, His Highness King Bahadur shah Zafar... taking last breaths in prison....

KANPUR INCIDENT:

Nana Saheb

The revolt at Kanpur was led by Nana Saheb, the discontented adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. He declared himself the Peshwar at Kanpur and kiled the English who had surrendered to him. But the English led by General Havelock recaptured Kanpur on June 17th 1857. Nanasaheb ranaway to Nepal.



A photo of Tantia Topi, said to have been the revolution's best general, after his capture in 1859



The troops of Nana Saheb were led by a loyal and gallant leader Tantia Tope. He recaptured Kanpur but he could not retain it for long. The English laid seige to Jhansi. Tatya Topey hurried to the place with 20,000 Sepoys but was defeated. He escaped to the forests, a traitor called Mansingh helped the British to arrest him. He was sentenced to death.


1857 Army of Nana Saheb & Tatya Tope

REVOLT IN LUCKNOW:

In Lucknow, the revolt was directed by Begum Hazrat Mahal of Oudh.The Sepoys and citizens together revolted in Lucknow. The people declared Wajid Ali's son as the Nawab and Hazarat Mahal herself took the administration. Soon the English recaptured Lucknow and the Begum escaped to Nepal.

REVOLT IN MADHYA PRADESH:

In Central India the revolt was guided by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi. She was one of the greatest patriots of India. Dressed in male attire, she fought like a true soldier with unprecedented courage and military skill. She captured Gwalior. The Queen herself took led the army, mounted on the horseback with her adopted son tied toher back. She fought very bravely till she was killed in the battle in June 1858.
According to the British historians, present at the time of revolt, Rani Lakshmi Bai was the best and the bravest of the leaders of the Revolt of 1857.

At Bareily, the capital of Rohilkhand, the Sepoys revolted. They declared a Rohila Chief as the Governor. Kunwar Singh, the 80 year old landlord of Jagdishpur was the most outstanding military leader of Western Bihar.
The greatest heroes of the revolt were however, the thousands of sepoys, peasants and the artisans who joined the leaders. They fought valiantly with great courage. In some places the civil population rose in revolt. In fact, the participation of peasants, artisans and general population gave the revolt its real strength. It made the revolt a popular uprising. However, the revolt failed to succeed due to effective suppression by the British.

Causes for the failure of the Revolt :

Various causes led to the failure of the Revolt of 1857.
Lack of Unity : There was no unity among the rebels. The ideas of nationalism and unity had not yet developed. There was no common purpose among the rebels. The Sepoys of Bengal wanted to revive the medieval glories of the Mughals. Nana Saheb and Tantia Tope tried to re-establish the Maratha power. Rani Lakshmi Bai fought to regain her lost State. Secondly, the revolt was not widespread. It took place only in the Northern and Central parts of India. Even Bombay, the Punjab, Sind, Rajastan and South India remained quiet. The British managed to get the loyalty of the Sikhs, Afghans and the Gurkha regiments. The Gurkhas actually helped the British in suppressing the revolt.


Lack of Modern Weapons and Techniques : Mere participation or heroism could not match the latest weapons of the British. The sepoys who joined with the civilians could not face the well organised and well disciplined army of the British. The lack of resources both in trained men and money made the rebels to give up the struggle on many occasions. The Telegraphic system and Postal communications helped the British to speed up their operations.


Leadership : There was lack of good leaders on the part of the Indians. There was no organisation and planning. The rebel leaders were no match to the British Generals. Rani Lakshmi Bai, Tantia Tope and Nana Saheb were courageous but they were not good generals.

The seopoys indulged in looting and dacoities, resulted in the common people loosing their faith in them.

The English had the common goal of protecting their empire. The sepoys didnot have a definite aim, acceptable to all.


Finally the English mastery of the sea enabled them to get timely reinforcement from England.

Results of the Revolt :

1. After the revolt, the English East India Company’s rule came to an end,

2. The administration of India was taken over by the British Crown,

3. By a special Act, both the Board of Directors and the Board of control were abolished. In their place the office of the Secretary of State for India was created. He was assisted by an India council of 15 members,

4. The Indian army was thoroughly reorganized and

5. The policy of ruthless conquests in India was given up. The British realized the mistake of antagonising the rulers of the Indian states.


End of East India Company’s Rule :

the suppression of the revolt in 1858, a new phase appeared in the history of the British rule in India. There were important changes in the British policy towards India. There were administrative changes also.

Act of 1858 and Queen Victoria’s Proclamation :

In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an Act. It put an end to the rule of the East India Company. The British Crown took over the administration. The Governor–General of India was also called as Viceroy. It meant the representative of the Crown. Queen Victoria was the ruler of Britain at that time. A proclamation was issued in her name. Lord Canning, the Governor – General read it out at a Durbar held at Allahabad on 1 November 1858. The Queen’s Proclamation is described as the Magna Carta of
the Indian people. It assured some privileges to Indians. It confirmed the earlier treaties of East India Company with the Princes. It promised to pay due regard to the ancient traditions and customs of India. The right of adoption was given to the Indian princes. The policy of annexation was ended. The Proclamation declared that all Indians would be eligible to enter the administrative services on the basis of their education and ability, irrespective of race and creed.
Unconditional pardon was granted to the rebels except those who had been responsible for the murder of the British during the revolt.
A commemorative plaque in memory of people who died during the Indian Mutiny, or first war of Independence is seen at St. James's Church in New Delhi, 06 May 2007. Concecrated in 1836 St. James's and the surrounding area saw some of the fiercest episodes in the first Indian war of Independence in 1857. Celebrations are underway in India to commemerate the 150th anniversary of the first Indian war of Independence in 1857 - a bloody revolt which was spurred by rumours that the British were introducing bullets greased with cow and pig fat, which upset both Hindus and Muslims for religious reasons. The British crushed the revolt after four months, captured Delhi and exiled the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar to Rangoon, (now the Myanmar city of Yangon) where he died in captivity five years later.

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INDIA AND THE WORLD UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION.
1. What are the aims of UNO?
o To maintain International peace and security.
o To develop friendly relations on the basis of equality among all the nations of the world.
o To achieve International Co-operation in solving problems of economic, social and cultural matters and
humanitarian character and finding solutions to various problems.
o To encourage and secure, Human and Fundamental rights and freedom.
2) What are the functions of General assembly?
· It discusses all the matters which comes under discussion on world’s issues and takes decision on 2/3 of
majority presenting at voting.
· It prepares Annual Budget and approves it.
· It decides its contribution of members’ nations.
· It elects 10 members temporary to the Security Council.
· It elects it Secretary-General.
· It elects 54 members to Economic and Social Council
· It elects 3 members for Trusteeships council.
· It participates in the elections of Judges to the International Court of Justice.
3) What are the functions of Security Council?
It has power to admit or reject the membership of a new nation to General Assembly.
It suggests the name of Secretary General of UNO.
It participates in its elections of the Judges of International Council of Justice.
To protect peace ad security in the world.
The permanent member of Security Council has VETO power.
It is single negative vote which check the proposal being passed.
4) Where is the headquarters of FAO? What are its functions?
The headquarters of FAO is at Rome. Its functions are: -
· To encourage food production by promoting improved conditions for cultivation.
· To encourage the consumption of nutrious food.
· To protect Natural resource and improved agriculture.
· Improving living conditions of the rural people.
5) What are the achievements of WHO?
1) Elimination of small pox from the world. 2) It started battle against population explosion 3) Production of
environment 4) Maintenance of ecological balance 5) Taken steps to fight against AIDS. 6) Fight against epidemic
like cholera, plaque, malaria etc.
6) What are the aims of UNESCO?
To establish peace in the world. 2. To make human as the center of development. 3. Promoting of human rights.
4.Utilizing science and technology only for the development of human life. 5. Promotion of education. 6.To maintain balance between human and environment 7.Educating the mass against the growth of population. 8.Promoting information technology. 9. Promoting creative mental and cultural environment to promote peace and prosperity of the world.
7. How is UNICEF achieving the welfare of Children? Where is its head quartors?
· It provides milk & mind day meals to children in developing countries
· It provide help to female during their pregnancy
· Prevention of immoral trafficking of children
· Humanitarian servers are providing its H.Q is at New york
8. What are the aims of IMF or how is IMF safeguarding its economic interest of number nations? Where is its H.Q?
The head Quarters of IHF is at Washington D.C. its functions
· To give advice on various International Economic problems.
· To maintain balance in word trade
· To proved more employmental opportunity in all countries
· To maintain stability in exchange rates of variation currency
· To promote world trade to increase the income of nation
· To promote economic stability in its entire nation through economic Co- operation.
9. How is IBRD working for its development of underdeveloping contries
· It help to promote progress through economic reconstruction
· It maintains balance in world Trade by providing capital
· It provides loans to various developments Programme.
· It provides grantees to private industries to borrow loans
· It provider long term loan to increase employment head quarters is at washing ton D.C
10. Explain the political achievement of UNO?
· Its stopped war between Russia and Iron in 1946
· It helped Indonesia to get independence
· It prevented it civil war in Greece.
· It prevented Arab invasion on Israel in 1948
· It solved it Korean problems by providing independence to South Korea.
· It solved it Suez canal crises in 1936
· It include it Vietnam crises
· It solved Congo problem in 1960
· It Unclear way – fair and stopped the war between India & Pakistan on Kashmir crisis
· It freed Kuwait from Iraqi invasion during in 1991
· It helped Namibia & Angola to get independence
· Its Notable achievement of it WNO is it successfully checked the III world war.
11. Which are the problems which are not solved by the UNO?
· It failed to solve the problems b/w the Hungary and Poland in 1956
· It failed to solve the conflict between Palestine and Israel.
12. What is the racial problem of Srilanka? What are the Measure takes by India to solve this problem?
There are two prominent groups in Srilanka one is the Sinhalese (Majorities) and the other the Tamils
(Minorities) the claim of the Tamils for a separate state led to civil war.
Measures
In 1988 a treaty was concluded between Jayewardene and Rajeev Gandhi and a peace keeping force was
dispatched. Accordingly to this concluded IPKF was sent to Srilanka to check the Violence of L.T.T.E.
13 What are the problem that India is facing with Pakistan?
India is having the following problem with Pakistan.
· Kashmir Issue has become the biggest problem between these to countries
· Disputes over Issues like property. Border. Distributions of river water Trades etc.
· Cross border terrorism.
· Relation of China with Pak.
· Continuing problem of minarets in both countries

INDIA AND WORLD PROBLEMS
Two marks questions.
1. Which are the problems of the world?
1. The problems of Human rights 2. Terrorism 3. Apartheid 4. Use of dangerous Weapons 5. Economic Inequality
2. What is meant by Human rights? When did UNO proclaim Human rights?
Human rights are certain rights which are essential for peaceful existence and development of individual on
December 10.1948 (essential)
3. What is meant by racial discrimination? Who was the first person to condemned racial discrimination?
Discriminating to people on the basis of race is kwon as racial discrimination.
Abraham Lincoln.
4. How was recial discrimination practiced in America?
· Blacks were not given right to vote
· They were forced to live in particular limited areas
5. Mention the disarmament agreement?
* The disarmament agreements are:
· Disarmament treaty, 1955.
· Nuclear Test Ban Treaty [MTBT], 1963.
· Space Treaty, 1967.
· Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 1970.
· Biological weapon convention, 1975.
· Inter-Continental ballistic missiles treaty, 1988.
· Comprehensive test ban treaty [CTBT].
6. What is neo-colonism? What are its terms?
* For economical development of the under developed nations, many developed nations came forward to provide
capital & te4chnologh on some conditions. This is called Neo-colonism. Terms are:-
1. Aid receiving countries should keep their door open to invest surplus capital by aid giving countries.
2. Aid receiving countries should supply raw materials to the giving countries and should get finished goods
from there.
7. What are the functions of Common Wealth of Nations? When was Common Wealth of Nations Organized?
Who are its members?
* The functions of Common Wealth of Nations are to:
· Protect mutual interest in trade, commerce, education and cultured.
· To provide financial ride.
· Sharing of technology information, T.V, Radio, Sports, Health.
· Conducting Common Wealth Games.
· It was Organized in the year 1931.
· The countries which were the colonies of Britain formed this Union. Even after independence they continued
to be in Common Wealth of Nations.
8. What are the aims of ASEAN?
* They main aims include:
1. To establish peace in South-East Asia.
2. To develop socio-economic co- operations
3. Improve education, technology and science by importing training in field of research.
4. Mutual exchange and help in mothers concerning industry and agriculture.
5. Work with co-ordination in other matters of international forum.
9. Mention the member nations of SAARC? Where is It’s head quarters?
* The member nation of SAARC are:
-India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Pakistan, Malaysia, Bangladesh.
The head quarter is at Katmandu, Capital of Nepal.
10. Mention the aims of SAARC?
* The aims of Saarc is to identify the problems in mutual relations and find solution through co- operation in fields of Agriculture, health, rural development, science & technology, and Transport.
11. What does the third World refers to? Who introduced the name?
* The third world refers to the under developed countries which wanted to develop economic through mutual cooperation & exchange, without joining any power blocks or depending on developed countries.
The world was introduced by Algerian Fanon.
12. What is international economic order?
* It is a new method of achieving economically development of under developed nation through co-operation and exchange, without depending on any power blocks.
13. What is “arm race”? What are its effects?
* When the cold war intensified often 2nd world war, two power blocks increased hatred & insecurity. So they stared pilling up deadly weapons of mass destruction called “Arm race”.
It increased hatred, tension & insecurity.
So disarmament treaty was signed.
14. What is Indian’s stand on uses of atomic power?
* India upholds the principle of ‘atomic for peace’ and wants to use atomic energy for peaceful purposes.
15. Mention event which supported to declare Human rights?
* The two events that supported to declare Human rights are;-
-American war of Independence in 1776.
-French revolution in 1789.

INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

1. Who achiveded the merging of princely state with Indian union?
Sardar Vallabai Patel. He is called the “Iron Man of India”
2. Which was the princely state which did not agree to join the Indian union?
1. Junagad
2. Jammu and Kashmir
3. Hyderabad
3. Who signed the “Tashkent agreement”? Why?
· By the Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastry and Pakistan President Ayub Khan
· To settle Kashmir Issue in 1966
4. Who were Razakaras? Why did they recruit?
· It was a Para military force recruited by Razak of Hyderabad.
· To attack on nationalist organizations who were for the merger of the state.
5. When and how did Hyderabad merge to the India union?
* On 17th September 1948 through “Police Action”.
6. Which commission agreed for the creation of linguistic state? Who were their members?
* “Fazal Ali Commission” Members - * Fazal Ali * K.M. Panikhar * H.N. Kunzru
7. Which are three new states that have been created as new states in 2000?
1. Chattisgarh. 2. Uttarachall 3. Jharkhand.
8. Who has been termed as the Father of the Goan Liberation movement? Why?
“T.B.Cunha” He founded Goa Congress Committee in 1928 and started and agitation to against Portuguese
administration.
9. When was Goa merged with Indian union? And how?
1961. When Portuguese took repressive measures on freedom fighters Govt of India started police action and
annexed.
10. Where did the Government of India provide shelter to the refugees from Pakistan?
* In Orissa under Dandakaranya project.
Punjab, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.
11. Who were the tribal people migrated from Bangladesh? Where did they take shelter?
* Chakmas Tribal “Tripura state” in India.
12. Where were the Tamil Speaking people from Srilanka settled in India?
* In Tamilnadu, Kerala and Karnataka.
13. Where were the Tibetion refugees settled?
* The Tibetian refugees settled in The Mundgod taluk of Uttar Kannada and Bailkuppa of Mysore district in
Karnataka.
CIVICS 1. Challenges facing India.
Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each:-[ 2 marks]
1. Mention the challenges faced India when it got Independence?
1. Illiteracy. 2. Communalism. 3. Regionalism. 4. Inequality between caste & sex. 5. Exploitation of children.
6. Corruption. 7. Block marketing. 8. Smuggling. 9. Profiteering. 10. Dowry 11. Poverty. 12. Population explosion.
2. What is communalism? What were its effects?
* Intolerance towards other religions is known as communalism.
It causes hastate, tension, enmity and divides the people on communal lines. Finally it checks the social and
economic development of our nations.
3. What measures has been taken by the Government to curb communalism?
1. Our constitution declared India is a sovereign, democratic, socialist, republic.
2. Article 14 of our constitution provides equality before law.
3. Article 15 prohibits the discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, sex or places of birth.
4. Article 16 provides equal opportunity for all in Government jobs.
4. What were the features of tribes of India?
*Mostly they live in remote places .They are extremely poor and mostly illiterates.
*They depend on agriculture or other allied occupation.
5. What is smuggling? Which act has been passed to check smuggling?
* Importing goods from foreign countries without paying taxes or getting permission from the government is called smuggling. COFEPOSA act is passed to check smuggling.
6. What is dowry? When was dowry prohibition act passed?
* Presenting cash, Ornaments or other property to the grooms by the bride’s party is called dowry.
The dowry prohibition act was passed in 1961 and amended in 1986.
7. What is COFEPOSA? What is its importance?
* COFEPOSA is a conservation of foreign exchange and prevention of smuggling act.
This act has been passed by the government to check smuggling and to preserve foreign exchange.
8. What is corruption? Which action has been taken by the government to check corruption?
* Accepting money or presents to undertake any work by the officials is known as corruption. The government
constituted Lokayukta and check corruption.
9. When was adult education Programme started? Why?
* In 1978 to provide education to adults.
Answer in ten lines: - (3 marks and 4 marks)
1. What is illiteracy? What measures has been taken by the government to remove illiteracy?
* Illiteracy is a state of a person who does not know reading and writing.
The measures are:-
· Directive principles of state policy of our constitution stressed the government to provide free & compulsory
education for the stressed the promotion of educational interests of SC, ST & other weaker section of the
society.
· 93rd amendment of our constitution made education a fundamental right.
· 42nd amendment of our constitution transferred education into concurrent list.
· All the state governments in India have made primary education free.
· Incentive Programme are undertaken to attract children to primary schools.
· The government of India announced the national policy on education in may 1986.
· In 1986 government introduced new education policy and operation Black board scheme.
· Introduced Sarvasiksha Abhiyan.
2. What measures has been taken by the government to achieve universalisation of primary education?
· To improve primary education in rural areas go government is providing infrastructure such as building
water facilities.
· Strict measures are taken to see the children between 6 to 14 years are in the schools.
· To attract the children into the schools numbers of programmers are introduced such as text books
uniforms, mid-day meals etc to avoid dropouts.
· Importance is given to pre-primary education by providing facilities.
· Importance is given to girl’s education.
· Improved and attractive method of teaching has been introduced to attract the students in learning and
research is encouraging in teaching learning.
· Alternative system of education is introduced to the children who are not in a position to attend regular
school.
· Educational programmes like ‘kelikal’ and Shikshara samvada broadcasting and telecasting.
3) What is regionalism? What measures has been taken by the government to check regionalism?
Intolerance towards other region or state and exclusive attachment and loyalty to their own state or
region is called regionalism.
The measures are:-
· Our constitution provides autonomy to states to fulfill the needs and aspirations of the people.
· The Central Government co-ordinates the activities of the states to achieve unity.
· A commission was constituted to regulate the relation between state and center.
· Special committees or boards are constituted to achieve balanced growth of all regions. Ex.:-
Nanjundappa Commission, Bayaludeme Development Board
4) What measures has been taken by the government to uplift the conditions of SC and ST?
a) To safeguard the interest of SC and ST government made number of provisions.
b) Some seats are reserved for SC and ST in Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and Local Self governments.
c) Special mobile courts are opened to safeguard the rights of SC and ST and for quick disposal of cases
of untouchability.
d) Some seats are reserved for SC and STs in government jobs and in higher education.
e) In 1978, a commission was appointed to supervise the matters relating to the child rights of SC and
ST.
f) Free legal aids are provided.
g) In the fields of education: - Free Scholarships, special scholarships, hostel facilities, free stationeries
are provided.
h) Special employment exchanges are opened for disable SC and STs.
i) Minister for Human Resource Development providing educational training programmes.
j) Co-operating marketing development federation of India helping in marketing of Tribal produce.
5) What measures has been taken by the government to improve the conditions of women?
Child marriage is prohibited by law.
Polygamy is prohibited by law.
Widow remarriage is encouraged.
Sati system is abolished by law.
Equal share is provided or women in their ancestors property.
A commission is constituted for the welfare of women and children.
Dowry prohibition act is passed and enforced.
Training and employment plans are adopted to strengthen women.
Certain percentage seats are reserved for women in local self government and government jobs.
Social welfare department introduced. Two years basic educational facilities for women.
Some special projects such as Balika Sammuddhi yojanna, Rastriya Mahila Vimochana Schemes,
Bhaghyalakshmi schemes are undertaken.
Year 2001 was declared as the year of women empowerment.
Self help institutions such as Stree Shakthi, Swayam Siddha are opened.
6) What were the obstacles to achieve welfare of children? What measures has been taken to achieve
child welfare?
The obstacles to achieve welfare of children are: 1. Poverty. 2. Malnutrition 3. Illiteracy.
4. Ill-treatment 5. Over population. 6. Mortality state of children is higher in olden days due to lack of
nutritious food and medical facilities.
The measures taken to achieve child welfare are:-
· In 1989 UNO general assembly adopted certain rights as child rights.
· 35 projects are undertaken for the welfare of children to provide nutrious food, inoculation, health
checkup, pre-school education etc.
· Various agencies and government started Balawadi, anganavadi, balakikasa, Kendra etc.
· In 1955 national children board is opened for the welfare of children.
· November 14th, the birthday of Nehru is observed as Children’s day.
· Child labour prohibition act is enforced.
· Free and compulsory primary education is providing to the age 6 to 14.
7) What is profiteering? What illegal methods are following to get more profit? What measures has
been taken by the government to check profiteering?
‘Profiteering’ is an illegal method to earn more profit.
Adulteration, abnormal rates, false weight and measurement, creating artificial scarcity are the illegal methods
following to get more profit.
To check profiteering following measures are undertaken by the government.
a) Public distribution system has been introduced to supply essential commodities in fair prices.
b) Essential commodities act has been passed to check profiteering.
c) ‘ISI’ mark for industrial goods, ‘AGMARK” for agricultural products has been introduced to ensure the quality.
d) A law is passed to print the quality, quantity, date of manufacture and expiry date on every industrial goods.
e) Co-operative societies, Janatha Bazaars, Super Bazaars and APMCs are opened to supply essential
commodities in fair price.
f) Consumer Protection Act has been passed to protect the interest of consumers in 1986.
g) Informal rationing system also started.
h) Creating awareness through mass Medias.
8) What is smuggling? What measures has been taken by the government to check smuggling?
Importing or exporting goods from foreign countries without paying taxes or getting permission from the
government is called smuggling.
Measures taken to check smuggling:-
Custom officers are appointed at airport to check smuggling.
Coastal guards are appointed along the coast to check smuggling.
COFEPOSA) Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Act) has been passed its
check smuggling.
9) What is poverty? What measures have been taken by the governments to achieve economic equality?
Poverty is a state of a person who is not in economic conditions to fulfill basic needs such as food, clothing
and shelter to his family.
The measures taken to check poverty are:-
· Government introduced employment guarantee schemes to provide employment opportunities.
· Land reforms act is introduced to make the tiller the owner of the land.
· In order to avoid regional imbalance government is encouraging to open industries in different parts of the
country by providing subsidies and privileges.
· Small scale and Cottage industries are encouraged to provide employment opportunities.
· Minimum wages are fixed to check the expositions of the workers and passed many other laws to protect the interest of the labours.
· Encouraging self-employment by providing training and other facilities.
· NREP, Jawahar Rojakar Yojana, Grammeena Sadak Yojana etc are started to provide employment.
· Loans are providing to small farmers.
· Rural women and children welfare Programme is in operation.
10) What measures has been taken by governments for the development of education under 9th five year
plan?
· Various community programmes are undertaken to create awareness among the communities and parents
about adult education.
· Under the provisions of 73rd and 74th amendments of our constitutions public communities are involved in
providing education.
· Monetary incentives and improved basic facilities are providing.
· DPEP (District Primary Education Programmes) and operation black board programmes are undertaken.

SOCIAL SCIENCE - SSLC-QUICK REFERNCE
ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS TO INDIA.
1. Name the important imports and exports of ancient India.
· The important imports were Houses, wines, coral and mercury.
· The important exports were cotton textiles, silk, pearls, diamonds, sandalwood and spices like pepper,
cardamom, Cloves and cinnamon.

2. What were the two important consequences of capture of Constantinople?
· It closed the land route between the East and the West which made the European countries necessary to
explore new sea routes to India [ as arabs controlled old sea routes] and also the trade with India was
more profitable to Europeans.
· It led to the Renaissance. It expanded the knowledge of geography, maping technic and navigation.

3. Name the colonies of Portuguese, Dutch, English and French in India?
· Portuguese: Goa, Diu and Daman in Gujarat. Selsette and Bassein near Bombay in Maharashtra. San
Thome near Madras. Hugly (Hoogly) in Bengal.
Dutch .Machatipatnam .Pulicat, Surat, Cochin.Basewrur near Kundapur.
English Ahmedabad.Agra.Broach.Calcutta.Dacca.Kasim Bazaar. Bombay.
French: Pondicherey.Chandranagar.Mchalipatnam.

4. What were the impacts of Advent of Portuguese in India?
1.It increased the trade contact with east and west. 2. Increase the demand for Indian goods in European
markets.3. America origin crafts like tobacco, potato, onion, Chilies, Maize, cashew nut etc. were introduced in India by Portuguese . That was the radical change in Indian Agriculture.4.European architecture was introduced to India in the forms of church and building.

5. Who was Duplex and what was his ambition?
1.Dupleix was a talented and ambitious 2. He was the first French Governor who wanted establish French
Empire in India and hence he entered into the India politics.

6. What were the causes for I Carnatic war?
1.Austrian succession war began in 1740 in Europe. 2.It Special to India also as there was a competition between English and French to establish colony in India.

7. What were the results of II Carnatic War?.
The results of II Carnatic war were.
· English made Mohammad Ali, The nawab of Arcot and remained powerful in Carnatic but French failed to establish their influence in Carnatic.

8. What were the wrong decisions taken by the French?
· French planned to Seige Madras Count de laly, the French Governor summoned Bussy who was a French
commander at Hyderabad to facilitate his siege to Madras.
Because the English army led by Sir Eyer Coote defeated Bussy at Wandiwash near Pondicherry in
1760.

9. What were the causes of Battle of Plassey?
· Siraj Ud Daulah tried to check the misuse of dartaks.
· He ordered to surrender Krishna Ballabh who settle at Fort William but English refused.
· English started to fortify their factory at Kolkatta and Fort William without the permission of Nawab .

10. What were the results of Battle of Plassey?
1.Siraj –Ud- Daulah was killed. 2. British made Mir Jafar, the Nawab of Bengal 3. In turn British got Zamindaris right or collecting of revenue from 24 Paragana regions. 4.British got a firm fooling in Bengal.

11. What was dual Government? Who introduced it?
Dual Government is a type of Government introduced in Bengal which gave British the right to collect land
revenue and Administrative and judicial power were given to the Nawab Dual Government was introduce by the Government of Bengal Robert Clive.

12. What were the discoveries of Europeanse at the time of Renaissance?
· Marineris compass , Astrolobe & Mapping technique

13. Why did British dethrone Mir Kasim?
1. He refused to remain puppet in the hands of British 2.He asserted his legal right as Nawab and 3.He tried to check the misuse of Dastaks as it was a great loss for his treasure.

MYSORE STATE AND THE BRITISH
1. Mention the title of chikkadevaraja and his political achievements?
“Karnataka chiakravrthi” and “Navakoti Narayana”.
Political achievement of him were
· He conquered Tumakuru, Hoskote, parts of Salem district & Banavara, Vastare and Chikkamagalore from keladi, ruler.
· He defaulted the combined army of keladi Nayakas, Sultan of golkanda & shivaji’s son Sambaji.
· He maintained friendship with Aurangazeb and got Bangalore from Mugul on leize. In turn he agreed to keep a contingent of army for Mugual Services.

2. How was Hydarali became famous?
· When Dalavays were not able to pay salary to the soldiers, they revolted against the Dalavays, Hydarali paid salary to them and got the support of soldiers .
· He participated Karnatic war and learnt the war techniques of French and English.
· He repulsed Marathas in 1758, Who come to collect Chautayi (tax) in Srirangapatna

3. Mention the terms of the treaty of Srirangapatna?
· He had to surrender half of his territory to the enemies, Which was shared by the allies
· Tippu had to pay heavy war indemnity
· He also Surrender his two sons of as hostage to the English as had no money.

4. Mention the terms of the Treaty of Mangalore .
· Tippu retain the coastal regains of Mangalore and Malabar
· It also stressed that they should not join hands with their respective enemies

5. What were the causes and results of IV Anglo – Mysore war?
The defeat and the humiliation at the hands of the English in III Anglo – Mysore was the main causes. Tippu
wanted to take revenge against British
· He fortified his capital and strengthened the fort and negotiated with French
· He sent his Ambassador to Afghanistan and sultan of Turkey
· French gave training to Tippu’s army. The result were
1. Tippu died in the battle.
2. Mysore was shared between Nizam and English
3. Remaining parts handed over to Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.

6. What were the achievements of Kantirava Narasaraja Wodeyar?
· He expelled Ramadullah Khan of Bijapur, who laid siege to Srirangapatna
· He conquered Satayamangala Bettadapura and Arakalqud near Hassan
· He issued Gold, Coin, called “kanthirava panams”.
· He constructed Bangaradoddi canal, to give importance to the Agriculture

7. Who were very famous among Dalavays and Why?
· Nanjarajayya, Devarajayy
· They played prominent role in expanding Mysore kingdom and they also involved in Carnatic wars to secure Tiruchirapalli.

8. Mention the terms of the treaty of Madras
The terms in eluded in the treaty of Madras were.[1769]
· They agreed to return the territories they had captured from each other
· English promised to assist Hyder Ali if he was attacked by his enemies

The Establishment of the English Rule in India
1. Mention the result of I- Anglo – Maratha war
· The Marathas were forced to sign the Treaty of Salbai in 1782 A D
· Madava Rao II was recognized as the Peshwa and Raghoba was pensioned off
· Later Baji Rao II became the peshwa
· English increased their power in Maharastra
2. What were the causes for II Anglo Martha War?
· After the death of Nana, Phadanavis , Holkar of Indor and sindhya of Gwalior compited to get control over
peshwa Baji Rao
· Baji Rao II accepted subsidiary Alliance this angered Holkar and sindhias
· Hence Holkar and sindhia declared war against English
3. What were the results of III Anglo Martha war?
· Baji Rao II was given an annual pension of Rs.8 lakhs & was sent to Brithore near Kanpur
· Peshwa’s territory merged with Bombay Presidency
· The discendent of Chatrapathi Sahu at Satara Pratap Sinha was granted the small area in Satara
· Maratha leader signed subsidiary Alliance one by one
· The Maratha rule come to an End.
4. Why do we call Ranjit sigh, The Lion of Punjab or famous ruler of the Sikhs?
Ranjit Sigh was the famous ruler of Sikhs,
At the age of 12 he became the chief of sukachahia of the Sikhs.
· He maintained friendly relationship with British by entering into Amrutsar Treaty.
· He unified all the Sikhs Chiefs
· He was very strong and courageous and hence renowned as Loin of Punjab
5. Why did British take over the administration of Mysore from Krishna Wodeyar III?
· In 1830 Zaamindari of Nagar revolted against the Maharaja and refused to pay tax this revolt was suppressed
by the Maharaja
· But they began to trouble the administration individually, hence the British took over the administration state
6. Why do we call Krishna Rao Wodeyar IV the Maker of Modern Mysore
· During his rule Mysore made great progress 2. He constructed Marikanive irrigation project 3.opened Kolar
gold field mines. 4.Street lamp were also provided to Bangalore in 1905 by him 5.Many diwans notable
achievement under him
7. What were the contribution of Sir.M.Visveswaraya?
Sir.M.Visveswaraya is remembered by the people for his developmental works
· He started iron work factory at Bhadravathi.
· Government Soap factory, Sandal oil Factory and Mysore Bank was also started by him
· He established Mysore university, the Chamarajendra Technological Institute at Mysore and Engineering
College at Bangalore
· Agriculture college at Hebbel were also stated during his period
8. How do you say the Krishnaraja Wodeyar was the lover of Education?
1.He abolished the fees at the Government primary school at first time 2.He also encouraged for the establishment of college and universities. 3. Opened Agriculture College at Hebbel.
9. Who introduced subsidiary alliance and Why?
1.Governor general Wellesley. 2. To expand the British empire in India & to again control over the native ruler.
10. What were the conditions of subsidiary alliance?
· The native rulers who accept their policy were not expected to engage themselves in wars or to enter into
treaties with other states.
· To accept English contingent and pay subsidiary for the maintenance of this contingents.
· English resident was kept at the court of native rulers to keep control over the internal affairs of the native
rulers.
11. What were the causes for the II Anglo-Sikh war OR Why did the ruler of Muttan revolt?
1.When the English got control over Punjab they did not rule over Punjab and asked Dulip Singh to rule and kept
a section of their army in Punjab and asked Dulip Singh to regulate their army this made Sikh rulers unhappy.
2.Sikh rulers united together and revolted against British.
Chapter-4 THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE:
1. How was the expansion policy of British caused the first war of Indian Independence? [Political Cause].
· General Dalhousie introduced ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. Accordingly he annexed Satara, Jansi, Jaipur, Sambalpur and Udaipur who had no natural heir.
· Nanasaheb the adapted son of Bajirao II was not paid pension.
· Mughal emperor and Nawab of awadh and many others were thrown out of their power so lakhs of soldIers become unemployed and revolted against British.
2. How was the colonial policy of British caused 1857 revolt [Economic causes].
1.colonial policy ruined Indian industries so lakhs of people became unemployed .2.England imposed heavy
tariffs on Indian goods in England. This further ruined the Indian industries and stopped the export Indian goods.
3. Why did the Indian sepoys revolt against British in 1857 or how do you say that the condition of Indian
sepoys was pathetic?
1.They were paid eight times lower than the British soldiers salary.2. Promotions were reserved only for whites.
3.Indian soldiers were forced to cross the oceans during those days Crossing Ocean was a sin and they were outcaste.
4. What were the causes for the failures of 1857 revolt?
· Lack of leadership for the uprising.
· Sepoys indulged in looting and decoits and this resulted in loosing the faith of common people.
· The Indian sepoys did not have modern weapons but the British had.
· The English used telegraphic network to communicate the message and get the help. But the Indian did not
know anything about it.
· Lack of proper organization among the mutineers
· The English had a common goal to protect their kingdom but Indians did not have any goal which is accepting by all.
5. What are the effects of 1857 revolt?
· The rule of East India Company was ended. The British Government took the administration of India in its
own hands.
· The secretary of States for India was appointed to look after the administration
· The British with draw the policy of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’
· In 1858 queen Victoria declared to provide stable government to India and to safe guard the rights of people.
This declaration is known as ‘The Manga-Charta of the Indian People’
· The queen also promised not to interfere in the religious matter of Indians.
· British realized that it was impossible to rule India without getting the confidence of Indians
6. Why did the Hindu and Muslim Orthodox angered against British?
Abolition of sati system, encourage of widow re-marriage and other social reforms were also misunderstood
by the orthox. They thought that they are introducing their own culture in the place of Indian culture.
They also misunderstood by the introduction of telegraphs, railways etc. they thought that they were the signs
of modernization.
7. What were the administrative causes of 1857 revolt?
The administrative causes of 1857 revolt are: 1.British introduced rule of law. Accordingly all are equal
before the law. So rich Zamindar, Talukdars lost their status, position and were angered. 2.New legal system
introduced by British became very difficult and costly to get justice. 3.The law was not applicable to Europeans.
4. The laws were not understood by common people 5.English replaced the Persian language in court.
CHAPTER –5 IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RULE IN INDIA
1. How did uniform system of administration introduced by British cause peace and stability in India?
1) `British introduced uniform system of administration all over India. That helped to establish uniform legal
system. All Indians became equal irrespective of their religion, caste, sex, race etc.
2) The efficient police also helped to create peace and internal stability.
3) The princely state had variety of separate laws. It helped British to regulate those laws.
2. How do you say that Ryoghwari System was the best system of revenue collection?
Ryothwari system was the best system of revenue collection because of the following reasons:
· Land revenue was fixed on the basis of fertility, measurement and irrigation facility and was periodically
revised.
· The ownership of the land remained with the peasants.
· During the time of draught, floods, feminine peasants could appeal to the government for concession.
3. How do you say that Zaamindari System was a worst system?
· Zamindars highly exploited the peasants; they collected more revenue than fixed.
· Peasants lost their ownership land and became slaves to Zamindars
· Revenue was collected even when their was natural phenomenon’s like floods, draught, famine etc.,
4) What were the effects of introduction of English Education in India?
Number of schools and colleges were started that created educated middle class, created cities.
Western Education brought the spirit of democracy and liberalism etc.
It also caused Cultural Revolution and national movements.
English served as a link language. Many languages were influenced by English and well developed.
5) How was the development of press strengthened the national movement?
1.They started exposing of administrative methods of English.2.Used as the weapons during the national movements.
3.They created national consciousness and awareness among, the people and increased nationality.
6) How was the development of transport strengthened the national movement in India?
1.The Indians began to travel in large scales throughout India. 2.This led to the development of sense of unity among
the Indians. 3.Thus increased the national consciousness among the people.
7) How was the Industrial revolution took place in England effected on Indian Produce?
1.It made England an industrialist country. 2.Then needed lot of raw materials for their factories. 3.It made India a
supplier of raw materials and market for their finished goods. 4.The Indian industries were ruined.
5.People lost their jobs and became poor.

CHAPTER :- 7 SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENT.
1) What were the factors which influenced over the Socio-Religious reform movement (Renaissance) in
19th century?
The factors that influenced are:1.British rule brought peace and security. It provided time to self
intersection among the educated Indians.
2.English education brought western rationalism logic and reasoning, people began to think.
3Western concept like Democracy, liberty, Equality and nationalism awakened the Indian. They began to
fight against superstitious beliefs.
4.The growth of press spread the ideas of educated Indians.
5.Many educated Indians formed their organization and challenged against superstisitious beliefs.
2) What were the outcome of Socio-religious reform movement of india
It was a period of rejuvenation of Indian life.
It prepared the society to fight against superstitions, inequality, untouchabality, gender discrimination.
Indian culture and Vedanta saw a revival.
The liberalism of the wert and the spiritual heritage of the East made of people realize the need to
develop national feelings and achieve independence.
3) Who founded Sathyashodhak Samaj? What were its principles? Mention its achievements.
Jathiba Phule at Pune in 1873.
It fought against child marriage and exploitation of widows and untouchabality.
It opposed sysdam which shudras and Atishudras were exposed.
It believed that education alone could end exploitation.
It worked for the uplift of the conditions of mill workers (Poor).
Advocated universalaisation of education.
He fought against social inequalities in Hindu Society.
4) Mention the aims of Brahma Samaj,/Prarthana Samaj and Arya Samaj?
Brahma Samaj: - It was started by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
Aims: It believed that western education and modern science is very much necessary to modernize India.
It fought against Sati System, exploitation, child marriage and polygamy, against idol worship.
It worked for the gender equality and widow re-marriage.
It attached the orthodox and fought against Sati System.
Prarthana Samaj: - It was founded by Dr. Atmaram, Panduranga, in 1867 at Bombay.
6 Aims: - Fought against caste system, child marriage and untouchability.
Encouraged intercaste marriage and widow re-marriage.
It fought against idol worship and polygamy.
It propagated that every religion has truth in it.
It worked for the upliftment of women.
It opened number of orphanages, national schools and widow homes.
Arya Samaj: - It was founded by Dayananda Saraswathi in 1875.
Aims: - It tried to reform Hindu society on the basis of Vedic thoughts.
He fought against Sati system, caste system and untouchabality and stressed girls’ education.
It started Dayananda Anglo Vernacular schools and colleges in North India.
The society awakene3d the Nationality.
5) What were the Social reformations works taken by Dayananda Saraswathi?
He started Arya Samaj and tried to reform Hindu Society on the basis of Vedic thoughts.
He fought against Sati System, Child marriage, untouchabality.
He started Dayananda Anglo Vernacular Schools and College in North India
He awakened the Nationality among the people.
He wrote Satyartha Prakash to spread his thoughts.
6) Explain the achievements of Ramakrishna Mission?
It asked the people to work for humanity and to give importance for prayer and yoga.
It also asked to serve the poor and sick.
It opened many schools, Orphanages, Colleges and Hospitals.
The mission worked at the time of famine and floods to serve the refugees.
The mission provided shelter to people of various religion and country.

THE FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Three and four marks questions:-
1) Who was the founder of Indian National Congress? What were its aims?
A.O.Hume, AIMS:- 1.To create national consciousness among the Indians. 2.Placing demands of the
people and urge for their fulfillment. 3. To create public opinion in favour of national issues.
2) What were the demands of the Moderates?
AIMS/DEMANDS:- 1. They aimed at securing representation of Indians in higher administrative posts.
2.They urged for the expansion of the legislature with more elected members. 3. They agitated for the
development of Indian agriculture and industries by imposing import duties on foreign goods.
4. They insisted on holding the Civil Service examination, simultaneously in India and England.
3) What is ‘Drain Theory’? Who introduced it? How did it cause for the flow of wealth?
1.The theory which explained that the British rule alone was responsible for the poverty in India.
By Dadabhai Naoroji.2.The resource of India were transferred to England:
In the form of more imports and less exports. 2. Profits earned on the British capital
3. The transfer of assets and the Pensions of the British officials.
4) Who was Bala Gangadhar Tilak? How did he propagate nationalist ideas?
Bala Gangadhar Tilak was one the Extremists.
1. He announced that “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it”.
2. He said that the British to go out of the country, struggle was inevitable to thrown.
3. Started newspapers “Kesari and Maratha”.
4. Organized Ganesha and Shivaji festival. Thus awakened the national feelings.
5) Give a brief account of Non-cooperation.
1.Non-cooperation was launched by Gandhiji in 1921.2.The leaders of Khilafat movement (Shaukat Ali
and Mohammed Ali) joined in it and campaigned for Hindu Muslim unity.3.Many students came out of
the colleges and joined in the movement. 4.Many advocates gave up their practice.5. Many patriots were
started National Institutions. 6.The Non-co-operation movement was withdrawn because of the violence
that took place at Chauri Choura (1922).
6) Give a brief an account of “Civil disobedience movement”.
It was started after the declaration of complete independence by congress.
Gandhiji placed eleven demands before the Viceroy which included the abolition of Salt tax. The
Viceroy paid no attention to these demands. So Gandhiji started Civil disobedience Movement.
Gandhiji conducted a long march from Sabharamathi Ashram to Dandi.
He produced a handful of salt on March 12th 1930 and distributed it to the people.
7. Give a brief an account off “Quit India Movement”.
The British government sent the Cripps mission (1942) to negotiate Indian Support for the second world war
It proposed the granting of “Domain Status” to India. But congress rejected it congaed started the quit India
Movement on August 8th, 1942 at Bombay.
1.Gandhiji called upon the India’s to “ do or Die”.2.Police stations Government officer were set on fire.
3.Post and revenue offices, railways lines bridges were damaged.4.Liquor shops were attacked,
5.Jails were filled with freedom fighters.
8. Who formed I.N.A.? What were its achievements?
Subhash Chandra Bose formed I.N.A.
· He believed that only non –violence and negations will not secure freedom.
· He wanted to raise an army and launch a war against the British
· During II world war the British kept him under house arrest. But he escaped to Germany and got the suppot of Hitller and Mussolin and then reached Japan
· He organized I.N.A in Japan with the help of Bosbihari bose and launched war against British.
· He hoisted the tricolor flag in the Andaman British and Nichobar islands
· It entered the Indian sub-Continent and occupied 10.000 square Miles of Manipur territory
“Captain Laxmi” was the leader of Women’s wing of the army
· Japan was defeated in 1945 when he was traveling to Manchuria to prepare plan. He died in an air crash .
9. What was the reason for the partition of Indian?
· In 1940 the Muslim league at its Lahore session demanded a “Separate nation for the Muslim”
· August offer and Cripps Mission’s proposal were rejected by the congress but the Muslim league decided to Support the British
· The “Quit India” resolution was opened by Jinnah and he urged the Muslim not to participate in it.
· Cabinet Mission visited India in 1946 and proposed for undivided India with a Single legislature but Jinna
rejected it and he called for “direct Action Day” On august parliament passed the India independence act In
July 16.1947 India become free on the 15th of August 1947

THE FREEDDOM MOVEMENT IN KARNATAKA
2 Marks Questions:-
1. Describe the revolt of Kittur against the British ?
· Shivalinga Rudra Sarja, adopted son and died immediately
· The English tried to annex according to doctrine of lapse this small province
· Rani Chennamma fought valiantly against the English died (1929)
2. Write briefly about Surpur uprising
· Venkatappa Nayaka the ruler of Surpur and revolted against-British refused to pay the subsidy
· The British army laid siege into the Surpur fort in 1858
· He shot himself refusing to accept British dominance.
3. Write on Shivapura Satyagraha (1938).
· Mysore state congress organized id conference at Shivapura near Maddur in 1938
· There was ban of hoisting the tricolor T.Siddalingaih hoisted the flag and was arrested
· The people decided to hoist the flag daily at the same spot
· The flag was hoisted at Vidhurshwata fair (Julian Walla Bhag in Karnataka) in Kolar (1938) district. Thirty
people were killed.
4. Describe the Quit India Movement at Isuru.
· In 1942, the people of Iruru participated in the Quit India Movement by peacefully Organizing processions
· They checked the entry of the Government officer into the Village which was declared “Free”
· Two officers were Killed when they tried to enter the Village
· Five persons from Iruru were hanged for this act.
5. How did people launch No-tax campaign in Uttara Kannada District?
The people of Uttara Kannada District refused to pay the land revenue. Their household goods and cattle were confiscated for non-payment of taxes. Women satyagrahis resorted to fast in front of cattle house f the British bidders.
6. How was no tax campaign launched in Sirasi ?
· Trees from reserve forest were cut and broke the law
· Draw their cattle to graze in the forest without paying the toll
· Today tree were out
7. What were the causes for Mysore cholo movement?
· Even after the independent Mysore state neither got responsible government nor hoisted the national flag.
· Even though the maharaja signed the instrument foreseen on 9th Aug 1947 to join Indian union but organized
by Dewan Arcot Ramaswamy Raja did not announce anything.

Witches and hookers and saints, oh my!

An archaeological team excavating the Tuscan port town of Piombino hoping to find the remains of its patron saint has instead uncovered the skeletal remains of two 13th century women of questionable repute. Approximately 25-30 years old at time of death, they were both buried in the bare earth, without a coffin or even a shroud, very much against custom.

One of women had seven curved, one-and-a-half-inch-long nails placed in her mouth after death and 13 more nails jammed into the ground all around her body. Archaeologists speculate that the ones around her body were used to nail the body to the ground in some kind of exorcism ritual to prevent her using witchcraft to rise from the dead.

The other woman was buried with a leather pouch holding 17 bone dice. Games of chance were against civil and ecclesiastic law during the Middle Ages, and although the laws were constantly flouted, a women associated with dice was a woman associated with immorality. Also, 17 was and remains an extremely unlucky number in Italy. (The story I’ve heard about why it’s unlucky is that the Roman number for 17, XVII, is an anagram of “vixi” which is Latin for “I have lived” which is just like saying you’re dead and is therefore an ill omen. No idea if that’s true.)

L’Aquila University archaeologist Alfonso Forgione, the dig leader, notes that these burials are unique in his experience. Not only are they strangely bare and contain those odd accouterments, but they are also in consecrated ground. There’s a chapel on the grounds purportedly marking the burial spot of Saint Cerbonius, the sixth century A.D. bishop and patron saint of Piombino. The team was looking for the saint’s burial and for the remains of a medieval cathedral that was once dedicated to him when they found the ladies. If the women were social outcasts, one of them demonic, the other degenerate, neither of them worthy of a decent burial, how come they got to go to their eternal rest in a cathedral cemetery next to a saint?

Forgione speculates that they may have had the advantage of powerful friends and families surviving them who arranged for them to have at least a chance at heaven by ensuring their bodies were placed in consecrated ground.

The excavation will continue through the end of the month. They have already found 350 burials in four eight-by-ten meter (26 by 33 feet) sites on each side of the chapel, and there are strong indications that the cemetery goes on for another 65 feet inland and another 33 feet or so towards the sea. Such a large, well-populated cemetery indicates that little Piombino, the only known Etruscan port city, remained a thriving town through the Middle Ages.

Archaeologists are working against the clock, though. The cliff side is eroding faster than they can dig. There are bones visibly jutting out, to the delight of many a tourist taking a romantic walk on the beach, but they can’t be removed for fear that the entire promontory will crumble like a Jenga game.

Archaeologists excavating an area where a bridge is scheduled to be built between modern-day Ostia and Fiumicino, the town just outside Rome where Leonardo da Vinci airport is found, have discovered the remains of an ancient Roman ship. The 11-meter (36-foot) section is from one of the sides of the ship. So far neither the stern, bow nor hull have been recovered, but since we’re talking about ancient wood, the team is working very deliberately to ensure its preservation.

Anna Maria Moretti, archaeological superintendent for Rome and Ostia Antica, said “the find is a novelty because at that depth, about four metres below the topsoil, we have never found a ship, only layers (of buildings) and one single structure”. [...]

She also said there were “remains of ropes and cables” in the ship.

“Restoring the vessel will be an extremely delicate operation,” Moretti went on. “We’re keeping it constantly covered in water so that the wood doesn’t dry out.

“The wreck must be treated with highly sophisticated preservation techniques,” Moretti said.

I hope they have a giant freezer available somewhere, because the polyethylene glycol dousing system that preserved the likes of the Mary Rose and the Vasa is way too expensive with oil prices the way they are.

According to site director Paola Germoni, the discovery of the ship at this location indicates that the ancient coast line was 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) further inland than it is today. Silting gradually filled the port and the mouth of the Tiber shifted, pushing back the shoreline so that the ancient city of Ostia, now called Ostia Antica, is miles away from the modern beach town of Ostia.

You can see how the river and shoreline moved in this post about Portus, the artificial harbour first constructed next to Ostia’s smaller natural harbor by the emperor Claudius.
Roman ships were found before in this same area when the airport was being built. The small fleet and the artifacts found with them are now on display in Fiumicino’s Museum of the Roman Ships.

The body of a young woman felled by a blow from a Roman sword was discovered near Faversham, Kent. Archaeologists were excavating the area to prepare for future roadworks when they came across the hastily-buried remains.

The girl appears to have been between 16 and 20 years of age when she died, kneeling, stabbed in the back of the head by a Roman sword. Some pottery fragments of Iron Age grave goods buried along with her date the grave to 50 A.D., just seven years after the Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 A.D. In all likelihood she was one of its local victims.

“She was lying face down and her body was twisted with one arm underneath her body. One of her feet was even left outside the grave,” [Dr. Paul Wilkinson, director of the excavation] said.

The burial site was just outside the Roman town, with cemeteries close by. [...]

Another indication of her origin, according to Dr Wilkinson, is the orientation of the body.

Romans buried their bodies lying east-west, whereas this body was buried north-south, as was the custom for pagan graves.

In keeping with controversial new Ministry of Justice guidelines instituted in 2008, the skeletal remains of this girl will be reburied on site once the archaeological team have finished their examination. The Ministry of Justice grants licenses for archaeological excavation of human remains. Before 2008, licenses were granted that allowed researchers to retain, study, curate and display ancient excavated remains as appropriate. Only more recent graves were required to be reburied promptly.

In 2008, they changed the standard so that now licenses are granted solely on the condition that all human remains excavated at digs in England and Wales are reburied within two years, no matter what the age of the remains. Archaeologists are protesting the new guidelines vociferously, pointing out that human remains continue to be studied for decades, even centuries, as new scientific techniques are developed that can provide us new information about our ancestors’ lives and deaths.

The ruling was supposed to be an “interim measure,” part of a reassessment of the relevant act (the Burial Act of 1857), but now three years after its implementation, there are a large number of extremely important ancient remains that will have to be forcibly re-interred, like the 51 decapitated Viking warriors found in July 2008 in a mass grave near Weymouth, Dorset.