Sachin's

Sunday, September 11, 2011

SECOND WORLD WAR

SECOND WORLD WAR

“Nature is cruel, so we may be cruel, too… I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin”
-Hitler

After the First World War, the countries of Europe faced severe economic crises. The newly established democracies in Germany, Italy and Spain could not negotiate the crisis effectively. As a result, dictatorships emerged in all the three countries. The dictators promised national reconstruction in a grand way. Europe once again witnessed aggressive nationalism.

In the aftermath of World War I, a defeated Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles. This caused Germany to lose a significant portion of its territory, prohibited the annexation of other states, limited the size of the German armed forces and imposed massive reparations. Russia's civil war led to the creation of the Soviet Union which soon was under the control of Joseph Stalin. In Italy, Benito Mussolini seized power as a fascist dictator promising to create a "New Roman Empire." The Kuomintang (KMT) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese communist allies. In 1931, an increasingly militaristic Japanese Empire, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of its right to rule Asia, used the Mukden Incident as justification to invade Manchuria; the two nations then fought several small conflicts, in Shanghai, Rehe and Hebei until the Tanggu Truce in 1933. Afterwards Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria, and Chahar and Suiyuan.

German troops at the 1935 Nuremberg Rally.Adolf Hitler, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, became the leader of Germany in 1933. He abolished democracy, espousing a radical racially motivated revision of the world order, and soon began a massive rearming campaign. This worried France and the United Kingdom, who had lost much in the previous war, as well as Italy, which saw its territorial ambitions threatened by those of Germany. To secure its alliance, the French allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired to conquer. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Saarland was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, speeding up remilitarisation and introducing conscription. Hoping to contain Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front. The Soviet Union, concerned due to Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of eastern Europe, concluded a treaty of mutual assistance with France.
Before taking effect though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, rendering it essentially toothless. In June 1935, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany easing prior restrictions. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August.In October, Italy invaded Ethiopia, with Germany the only major European nation supporting her invasion. Italy then revoked objections to Germany's goal of making Austria a satellite state.In direct violation of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, Hitler remilitarized the Rhineland in March 1936. He received little response from other European powers. When the Spanish Civil War broke out in July, Hitler and Mussolini supported fascist Generalísimo Francisco Franco's nationalist forces in his civil war against the Soviet-supported Spanish Republic. Both sides used the conflict to test new weapons and methods of warfare and the nationalists would prove victorious in early 1939.
With tensions mounting, efforts to strengthen or consolidate power were made. In October, Germany and Italy formed the Rome-Berlin Axis and a month later Germany and Japan, each believing communism and the Soviet Union in particular to be a threat, signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, which Italy would join in the following year. In China, the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan.

The causes of World War II are rooted in the First World War, and its effects set up the course of the modern world. From the loss of millions of people to the redrawn maps and upset political systems around the world, the war was an immense force for global change, resulting in empires lost and new superpowers being born.

Germany wanted back what she lost from WWI, and revenge
Appeasement – Great Britain and France gave Hitler land w/o fighting for it.
Hitler was racist; he invaded countries simply to kill the Jews living there.

•In Germany Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 as a fascist dictator.
•Hitler Hated the Treaty of Versailles and violated it. First he built up the German military. Then he sent troops into the Rhineland. This was a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles, which said in 1919 that Rhineland was a demilitarized zone.

Treaty of Versailles – end of WWI

The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]

1. Germany had to accept the Blame for starting the war
2. Germany paid Reparations for the damage done during the war.
3. Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force. She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Army of just 100,000 men.
4. Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe (see map). Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.
•Hitler wanted to conquer whoever he felt was inferior to the Germans or Aryans. He wanted “living space” for the Germans in Eastern Europe.
•On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland without a declaration of war. This starts World War II.

•Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939.
•Italy declared war on France and Britain on June 10, 1940.
“Blitzkrieg”

•In German blitzkrieg means “lightning war”.
•Hitler used blitzkrieg during his invasion of Poland.
•Blitzkrieg included surprise attacks, rapid advances into enemy territory, and massive air attacks that struck and shocked the enemy.
Germany achieved most of its victories in World War II with the Blitzkrieg tactic .

Early Axis Triumphs

April 1940 the quiet time of the war exploded into action.
•Hitler launched a series of blitzkrieg.
•Norway and and Denmark both fell.
•Germany had overrun the Netherlands and Belgium.
•Germany along with Italy forced France to surrender.

Hitler’s Major Blunder

•The Germans invaded France in May 1940.
•Retreating Allied forces made it to Dunkirk and found themselves trapped between the advancing Nazis and the English Channel. The British sent every boat they could get across the English Channel to pick up troops off the beaches of Dunkirk.

Miracle at Dunkirk

•The event at Dunkirk is called a miracle because the retreating allies had lost hope and then the British pulled through for them and rescued 338,000 men.

June 22, 1940

•On June 22, 1940 France signs an armistice with Germany in occupied France.
•An armistice is a cease fire or a truce.
•The Franco-German Armistice divided France into two zones. One zone was under German military occupation and the other was under French control.
•In 1942 Germans occupied all of France

Let us again study the causes:

CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II

1. Treaty of Versailles
A. Germany lost land to surrounding nations
B. War Reparations
1) Allies collect $ to pay back war debts to U.S.
2) Germany must pay $57 trillion (modern equivalent)
3) Bankrupted the German economy & embarrassed Germans

2. World-wide Depression
A. The Depression made Germany’s debt even worse
B. Desperate people turn to desperate leaders
1) Hitler seemed to provide solutions to Germany’s problems
2) Hitler provided scapegoats for Germany’s problems (foreigners, Jews, communists, Roma (Gypsies), mentally ill, homosexuals) 3) Kristallnacht - vandalism & destruction of Jewish property & synagogues

3. Rise of Totalitarian Regimes
A. In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation
4. Isolationism of Major Powers
A. Why was the U.S. Isolationist?
1. Great Depression (problems at home)

2. Perceptions of WWI
a. WWI did not seem to solve much
b. People began to think that we’d got into WWI for the wrong reasons (greedy American businessmen!)

3. Opposition to war (Pacifism)
a. Washington Conference - Limits on size of country's navies
b. Kellogg-Briand pact - condemned war as a way to solving conflicts

B. This led to policies of “Appeasement”
1. Appeasement: give dictators what they want and hope that they won’t want anything else
2. Begins with Japanese invasion of Manchuria, Italian invasion of Ethiopia, and continues with Hitler . . .So What Was Hitler Asking For?

Return of German Speaking Lands -
•Austria - Peacefully Annexed in 1938
•Munich Conference - Great Britain & France give to Hitler in return for peace
•Sudentenland - (now part of Czech Republic)
•Hitler then invades the rest of Czechoslovakia
•Nonaggression Pact Russia stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland
•Great Britain & France finally declare war on Germany

How Did Hitler Make War?

Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”
In the next year, Hitler invades:
•Denmark
•Norway
• The Netherlands,
•France

US Assistance
Roosevelt provided aid to the Allies:
Lend-Lease - 1939
•US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain
Atlantic Charter
•US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany

Meanwhile … in the Pacific
Pearl Harbor: “a date which will live in infamy”

What?
•Surprise attack by the Japanese on American forces in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOURa
On December 7, 1941, Japanese airplanes strike the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, bringing the United States into World War II.

Effect?
•This enraged America who immediately joined Allied powers. US declares war on Japan & other Axis powers. In June 1944, American Commander Eisenhover landed in France and helped England. America also sent its armies to Algeria in North Africa. Thus Italy was defeated in September 1943 and Italy surrendered.

Island Hopping – US fought to gradually reach Japan

Battle for Iwo Jima

Island hopping became fact of the war with Japan.
Died: 6800 US 20000 Japanese.
This flag raising was a serious morale boost to soldiers on the island.

Kamikaze attacks

This plane dropped an atom bomb on Hiroshima

Atomic Bomb

Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1945

Victims in Hiroshima

In August 1945, America dropped atom bombs on two Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They were reduced to ashes. Japan surrendered and with this the Second World War came to an end.

The Japanese had shown they would fight to the last man, woman and child.
The atomic bomb saved as many as 1 million U.S. lives, and possibly many Japanese.
Harry Truman said he dropped the bomb to end the war.

Japan surrenders 1945

World War II deaths

USSR 22 million
China 11 million
Germany 7 million
Poland 7 million
U.S. 0.5 million
Great Britain 0.3 million
Japan 1.5 million

Asia WW2 Quiz

1. What cities were nuclear bombed?
2. Why did Japan want war with the USA?
3. What ocean protected USA from Japan?

OK, YOU GOT SOME IDEA ON SECOND WORLD WAR.

NOW, let us revise some of the important points.

1.What are the causes of the Second World War?

* The imperialist and expansionist policies of Germany and Italy were the main reasons responsible for the war.

* The League of Nations could not check the aggressive onslaught of these expansionists.

* No power came forward to undertake armked resistance against the initial attacks of Hitler and Mussolini.

* Finally, Germany and Russia with mutual understanding partioned Poland among themselves. It was then that France and England declared war on Germany. Around this same time, Japan which had conquered Manchuria from China in 1938, entered into a defensive alliance with Germany and Italy.

2.Critically examine the main provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. What were its important effects on Germany?
The victorious powers met in a conference first in Versailles, a Suburb of Paris and later in Paris between February 1919 and June 1919. Three countries Britain, France and USA decided to sign the peace treaties without consulting the defeated countries.
(1) Treaty of Versailles with Germany - The German representatives were forced to accept the following terms -
(i)Germany and her allies were declared guilty of aggression.
(ii)Alaska and Lorraine were restored to France.
(iii)The area of the Rhine valley was to demilitarize.

(a) Germany was dispossessed of her colonial empire, which was divided
among the victoriuos Nations.
(b)Germany was required to pay the war indemnity to the Allies.
(c)The treaty of Versailles was extremely humiliationto Germany.

2. When did Hitler formally announce his violation of the treaty of Versailles? What reason did he give for this?
Hitler formally announced his violation of the treaty of Versailles in March 1935. Hitler claimed that he was trying to make Germany equal in position to the other European powers.
3.Name the incident that started the Second World War?
Germany’s attack on Poland on 1st September 1939 started the Second world war.
4.When and by whom was the Munich pact signed?
The Munich pact was signed on 30th September, 1938. It was a pact between France and Britain on one side, and Hitler and Mussolini on the other side. Britain and France allowed Germany to take over Sudentenland.
5.What is meant by the ‘Axis’ powers?
The Axis powers ,also called as Axis alliances were the countries those opposed to the Allies during the second world war.Three major Axis powers -Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan were havinhg military alliance.

6.What is meant by the term ‘Allies’?
The term ‘Allies’ means the collective power-group which was initially led by UK and France. In 1941, they were joined by the USSR and USA.They fought against the 'Axis' power, led by Germany, Italy, and Japan.
7.Describe two political ambitions of Adolf Hitler.
* Hitler was determined to make Germany a mighty power in the world.
* He had ambition of conquering all of Europe.
8. Explain any two problems faced by the Weimar Republic from the very beginning.
The main two problems that the Weimar republic faced at the beginning were-1.The Communists backed by the Bolsheviks used the country’sinstability to stage a revolution.2.Those who supported the Weimar Republic were mainly Socialists, Catholics and Democrats became easy targets of attack in the conservative nationalist circle.
10.Who was Hitler? What was the main reason for his popularity?
Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 and was the leader of Nazi party in Germany. He established a dictatorship in his regime and was portrayed as a messiah to the Germans. His hypnotic speeches attracted all classes of German people whose sense of dignity and pride had been shattered while living in a period of acute economic and political crisis.
11.Briefly describe main steps taken by the Weimar Republic in 1923 to acquire political stability in Germany.
* The Weimar Republic introduced a new currency called the Rentenmark,to strengthen Germany’s monetary system.
* In 1924, Germany and his allies negotiated a new method of
reparationpayments and got the French army to withdraw from the Ruhr region.
12.What were the results of the victory of Nazism in Germany?
* victory of Nazism in Germany led to the destruction of democracy and the establishment of dictatorship.

* It also led to the militarism and preparation for the war.
* In Germany all other political parties were banned except the Nazi Party.Nazism was opposed to socialism and communism, so the advocates of these two philosophies were either jailed or killed.
13.What was the main reason that led to Hitler’s rise to power in Germany?
The main reason that led to Hitler’s rise to power in Germany was :

Germany had lost the First World War. The revenge guided the Germans and hence the rise of Hitler.

Germany did not tolerate the terms of the 'Treaty of Versailles'. Hitler promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles.The people of Germany were in favour of any government, which was against communism.

14. Explain briefly the Nazi ideology for youth?
It was felt that a strong Nazi society could be established only by teaching children Nazi ideology.Good German Children were subjected to a process of Nazi schooling, a prolonged period of ideological training. Youth organizations were made responsible for educating German youth in the spirit of National Socialism. The youth league of Nazi was founded in 1922 to unite the youth.
15. What was the Nazi ideologyof the society?
Nazi ideology was synonymous with Hitler’s worldview. According to this there was no equality between people, but only a racial hierarchy. The blond, blue-eyed,Nordic German Aryans were considered to be superior, while Jews were at the lowest rung. The Nazi argument was simple. The strongest race would survive and the weak ones would perish.

16. What were the condition of women during Nazism in Germany?
In Nazi Germany the women were radically different from men. They had to look after the home and teach their children Nazi values. In Nazi Germany all mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded. To encourage women to produce many children, honour crosses were awarded:A Bronze cross for four children.A silver cross for six children.A gold cross for eight or more children.
17. Explain briefly the foreign policy of Hitler.
In his foreign policy, Hitler acquired quick successes. He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936 and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, 'one people, one empire and one leader'. He then went on to wrest German-speaking Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia and gobbled up the entire country.

18. When and by whom was the Anti-comintern pact signed? What were its aims?

The Anti-Comintern Pact was signed in 1937. It was signed by Germany , Austria, and Japan.

The Aims of the Anti Comintern Pact Were to check the expansion of communism in the world and to follow an aggressive policy for the expansion of territories.

19. How did the world come to know about the Holocaust?
The documents left behind by ghetto and Camp inhabitants, who wrote diaries, kept notebooks and created archives, have been our source of knowledge about the Holocaust. Thus knowledge about the Holocaust lives in Memoirs,fiction poetry in many parts of the world. These are embarrassing reminder to those who collaborated.
20. Why did the US enter the Second World War?

The US had resisted involvement in the war. But it could not stay out of the war for long. Japan was expanding its power in the east. On 7th December 1941 Japan attacked the US Navel bases at Pearl Harbor. On 8th December 1941, America declared war on Japan and joined the Allies; as the war ended US dropped Atom bomb on Hiroshima in Japan.
21. When did the Second World War end in Europe?
On May 2, 1945, Soviet armies entered Berlin and Hitler committed suicide. Germany surrendered on May 7, 1945. All hostilities ended on 9th May 1945 at 12 noon in Europe.
22.What was the name of Hitler’s propaganda minister during his regime? What happened to him and his family?
Goebbels was Hitler’s propaganda minister. He and his family committed suicide collectively in his Berlin bunker in April 1945.
23. What was the effect of the world war-II on Germany? Why was the Potsdam conference held?
The effects of the Second World War were catastrophic. Nearly five crore people were killed. The Jews were the worst affected as 50 lakhs Jews were killed by Hitler in gas chambers in Germany. The whole of Europe was destroyed by the attack of Germany and cities, towns, industries, bridges, roads and railways were destroyed. President Truman took up an ambitious programme called Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of the nations destroyed by the War and rendered substantial financial aid.
Germany was totally disarmed and the Nazi prisoners of war were put on trial and punished. Japan too was disarmed and the American army was stationed there. Germany was divided into four units and the four areas were subjected to the supervision of America, England, France and Russia. Imperial powers like England and France lost their might after the war. This helped many Asian and African Nations to free themselves. For the establishment of Permanent peace, the United Nations Organisation was established in place of the League of Nations.
2.Potsdam Conference in 1945: Potsdam conference was held with some aims of Allies with regard to Germany that was divided into two parts. They wanted to end the Nazi Party and to make Germany a republic. Decision regarding border between Poland and Germany was taken with complete democratic view in Germany.

WORLD WAR I

INTRODUCTION: If you are new to the First World War - or are rusty after many years since history class - the reasons for the so-called 'Great War' can be shrouded in confusion.

The Second World War was rather more straightforward: no questions there who did what and who was at fault.

The First World War (1914-1918) was an unprecedented even in the history of the world, both in its scale and magnitude of effects.

World War I also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict that embroiled most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Entente and the Central Powers. Over 70 million military personnel were mobilized in one of the largest wars in history. The main combatants descended into a state of total war, pumping their entire scientific and industrial capabilities into the war effort. Over 15 million people were killed, making it one of the deadliest conflicts in history.

World War I is infamous for the protracted stalemate of trench warfare along the Western Front, embodied within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications (separated by a "No man's land") running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland. Hostilities were also prosecuted, however, by more dynamic invasion and battle, by fighting at sea and - for the first time - in and out from the air. Also, there were some battles that foreshadowed the rapid movement of WWII, take for example the Battle of St. Mihel in 1918. Here, within a matter of one day, American troops, supported by tanks, airplanes, and artillery, advanced over 20 miles, clearing a salient that had been a thorn in the side of the French army since 1914. More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields, and nearly that many more in the participating countries' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts. In World War I, only some 5% of the casualties (directly caused by the war) were civilian - in World War II, this figure approached 50%.

Ultimately, World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars, as modified by the mid-19th century national revolutions, the processes of European national unification and European colonialism. Three European land empires were shattered and subsequently dismembered to varying degrees: the German, the Austro-Hungarian and the Russian. In the Balkans and the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire experienced the same fate. Three European imperial dynasties, represented by the Hohenzollern, the Habsburg and the Romanov families in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia respectively, also fell during the war.

World War I witnessed the first advent of Communism as a means of government in Russia. The following decades would see the transformation of the old Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, a global power. In the east, the demise of the Ottoman Empire paved the way for the states such as Republic of Turkey and a number of successor states and territories throughout the Middle East. In Central Europe, the new states of Czechoslovakia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Yugoslavia were born and Austria, Hungary and Poland were re-created. Shortly after the war, in 1923, Fascists came to power in Italy; in 1933, 14 years after the war, Nazism took over Germany. Problems unresolved or created by the war would be highly important factors in the outbreak, within 20 years, of World War II.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR 1

•Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914?
•Why did war break out?
•What were the results of the fighting in 1914?

What are the causes for the rising tensions in Europe, 1914 ?

That's a good question! Ok. -Tensions result of four factors. Let's have a glance of these points.
–Militarism
–Alliances
–Imperialism
–Nationalism

MILITARISM: •Massive military buildup in European countries, late 1800s and early 1900s
•Wanted to protect overseas colonies from other nations
•Growing power of armed forces left all sides ready to act at first sign of trouble
•Minor disagreements had potential to turn to armed conflict

ALLIANCES:
•Nations formed partnerships to protect against opposing forces
•Triple Alliance united Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
•Great Britain joined France, Russia in Triple Entente
•Believed no one nation would attack another, because allies would join fight

IMPERIALISM:
•Late 1800s and early 1900s saw quest to build empires
•Created rivalry, ill will among European nations
•Germany, France, Russia, Great Britain vied to become great imperial nations
•Each did not want others to gain power

NATIONALISM: •Strong devotion to one’s national group or culture, increased in late 1800s
•Led to formation of new countries, struggles for power
•Most visible in Balkan Peninsula, southeastern Europe
•Home to many ethnic groups trying to break free from Ottoman Empire
Now, do you know the causes of the World War 1? Still not got it! OK, look at these two video clippings and jot down some points and then check the answers.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=&feature=player_embeddedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=&feature=player_embedded

Militarism: Was another cause of the war, was simliar to the arms race of today. Because Britain had a great navy, Germany wanted a great navy too. Germany and France competed for larger armies. The more one nation built up its army and navy, the more other nations felt they had to do the same.

ALLIANCE SYSTEM: For Twenty years, the nations of Europe had been making alliances. It was thought the alliances would promote peace. Each country would be protected by others in case of war. making it foolish for one country to wage war on another.
The danger of these alliances was that an argument between two countries could draw all the other nations into a fight. This is just what happened when a conflict between Austria-Hungary and Serbia led to World War 1.
In the summer of 1914 there were two alliances. The Triple Alliance composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, stood opposed to the Triple Entente composed of Britain, France, and Russia.

IMPERIALISM: Another cause was that European nations ruled smaller countries, called colonies, and competed with each other to amass more colonies. Gatehring colonies became known as IMPERIALISM. Both France and Britain had many colonies in Africa and Asia. Now Germany and Italy decided they wanted a colonial empire too.

NATIONALISM:In addition to political conflicts, the causes of the war included such forces as NATIONALISM, or patriotism. Nationalism led European nations to compete for the largest army and navy, or the greatest industrial development. It also gave groups of subject peoples the idea of forming independent nations of their own.

ESCALATION

The war that would destroy European society had been coming for a long time. The nineteenth century had been an era of great progress,
and of turmoil and conflict as well. New nations had been created. The balance of power that existed in 1815, at the end of the era of Napoleon, was disturbed.
Adding to the danger was a false sense of security. Local wars had flared up in the nineteenth century, but a major war was regarded as unlikely. Looking back at 1914 today, however, we can see that each of the major countries of Europe had interests that would bring it into conflict with at least one of the other great powers.

SPARK

On June 28, 1914, Gacrilo Princip, a nineteen-year-old Serbian revolutionary, fired two pistols shots. One killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the nephew of Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria-Hungary and heir to the Austrian throne. The other killed Sophie, his wife.

Franz Ferdinand and his wife leaving Cityhall Sarajevo just before they got murdered

Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible. On July 5 Austria asked for and recieved from Germany a "blank check" of support for any action Austria-Hungary might take against Serbia.
On July 23 Austria sent a series of demands to the Serbians. The demands were designed to humiliate and virtually destroy the Serbian nation. Still, Serbia agreed to most but not all of the demands.
Austria reacted on July 28 by declaring war on Serbia. The Russians prepared to defend Serbia. On July 31 the Germans sent a warning to Russia to stop mobilizing its army for war. the Russians ignored the warning, and Germany declared war on Russia on August 1. France came to the aid of its Russian ally by declaring war on Germany. The British hesitated, but when the Germans marched into Belgium, they declared war on Germany on Aug 4.
Italy, the third member of the Triple Alliance, refused to back Germany and Austria-Hungary. Italy claimed the Triple Alliance was for defensive purposes only and Austria's declaration of war against Serbia was no defensive.
So in August, 1914, the guns of the war went off. The system of alliances for keeping peace had brought the great nations of Europe into war with one another.

great war 1

Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
28th June 1914

Franz Ferdinand, aged 51, was heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was married to Sophie Chotek von Chotvoka and had three children. Franz Ferdinand was, however, very unpopular because he had made it clear that once he became Emperor he would make changes.
This map, of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1914, shows that Bosnia/Herzegovnia was controlled by Austria. Austria had annexed (taken by force) Bosnia in 1908, a move that was not popular with the Bosnian people.
Franz Ferdinand decided to visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovnia, to make an inspection of the Austro-Hungarian troops there. The inspection was scheduled for 28th June 1914. It was planned that Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie would be met at the station and taken by car to the City Hall where they would have lunch before going to inspect the troops.

A Serbian terrorist group, called The Black Hand, had decided that the Archduke should be assassinated and the planned visit provided the ideal opportunity. Seven young men who had been trained in bomb throwing and marksmanship were stationed along the route that Franz Ferdinand's car would follow from the City Hall to the inspection.

The first two terrorists were unable to throw their grenades because the streets were too crowded and the car was travelling quite fast. The third terrorist, a young man called Cabrinovic, threw a grenade which exploded under the car following that of the Archduke. Although the Archduke and his wife were unhurt, some of his attendants were injured and had to be taken to hospital.
After lunch at the City Hall, Franz Ferdinand insisted on visiting the injured attendants in hospital. However, on the way to the hospital the driver took a wrong turn. Realising his mistake he stopped the car and began to reverse. Another terrorist, named Gavrilo Princip, stepped forward and fired two shots. The first hit the pregnant Sophia in the stomach, she died almost instantly. The second shot hit the Archduke in the neck. He died a short while later.
The bodies of Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie.
Gavrilo Princip was not executed because he was under 20 years, but was sentenced to twenty years in prison. He died of TB in 1918.

cause n effect

TREATY OF VERSAILLES:
The treaty of Versailles granted france many of its demands. Germany had to return AlsaceLorraine and give France control of the coal mines of the Saar region for 15 years. Germany also lost land to Poland. To give Poland access to the Baltic Sea, the Polish Corridor was created. This was a strip of land that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. The Baltic Sea port of Danzig became a free trading city, controlled by neither Poland nor Germany.
German territory on oth sides of the Rhine River were demilitarized. To prevent Germany from again becoming a military threat, the treaty also reduced the German army to 100,000 men, with no heavy artillery, tanks, or warplanes.
Germany also lost its overseas territories in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean. Its African colonies were given to France and Britain as mandates.
The treaty required Germany to pay reparations-war damages- to other nations. Germany had to make up for loss of property, factories, farms, ships, and other things destroyed in the war.
The various nationalities in the former Austro-Hungarian Empire carved out their own states. The peacemakers recognized these as independant nations. Czechs and Slovaks formed the new country Czechoslovakia. The Croats and the Slovenes joined with Serbia to form Yugoslavia. The new Austria, greatly reduced in size and power, and was forbidden to unite with Germany. The Ottoman Empire was stripped of all its lands outside Turkey.
League of Nations a former international organization, formed after WORLD WAR I to promote international peace and security. The basis of the League, the Covenant, was written into the Treaty of VERSAILLES and other peace treaties and provided for an assembly, a council, and a secretariat. A system of colonial mandates was also set up. The U.S., which failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, never became a member. Based in Geneva, the League proved useful in settling minor international disputes, but was unable to stop aggression by major powers-e.g., Japan's occupation of Manchuria (1931), Italy's conquest of Ethiopia (1935-36), and Germany's seizure of Austria (1938). It collapsed early in World War II and dissolved itself in 1946. The League established the first pattern of permanent international organization and served as a model for its successor, the UNITED NATIONS. (source encyclopedia.com
The fairness of this treaty to Germany was debated for years. Critics pointed out that the kaisers gov had already been toppled. The burden of carrying out the treaty fell on a new democratic German Gov, making it difficult for this new Government to survive.

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES FOR THE FIRST WORLD WAR?

Remeber 4 points.

1. AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM: Europe saw the emergence of aggressive nationalism which generated a sense of superiority among the people. They had grown proud of their country and considered it a sacred duty to fight for the coutnry. Whether the country was right or wrong, colonies were also considered a matter of national prestige.

2. THE SYSTEM OF RIVAL ALLIANCES: Towards the end of the 19th century, a number of countries of Europe entered into alliances to safeguard their economic and political interests. Germany formed a Triple Alliance with the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. England, France and Russia formed Triple Entente. On account of these alliances, Europe was divided into two hostile camps.

3. THE ARMAMENT RACE:- The mutual suspicion of these two groups gave rise to arms race. Every nation in Europe built vast reserves of arms and ammunitions. The countries comepted with each other to modernise their respective war machineries and increase the strength of the army.

4. IMMEDIATE CAUSE: When the Austrian crown-prince visited the Bosnian capital Sarajevo in 1914, he was murdered by a Serbian. Austria wanted to punish Serbia, hence it declared war and sought the help of Germany. Russia supported Serbia. Thus the World War I broke out. Germany, Austria, Turkey and Bulgaria were on one side. Serbia, England, Belgium, Italy, Russia and France were on the opposite side. In the course of the time, the USA also joined England.

THE COURSE OF THE WAR:

Germany attacked France and England on behalf of France and Belgium, declared war on Germany. The group led by England was called Allied powers and its opponents were called Axis powers. Japan joined the Allied powers. Fearing an invasion from Russia, Turkey joined hands with Germany. Bulgaria, an enemy of Serbia, allied itself with Austro-Hungarian empire which was friendly with Germany. After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Russia turned neutral.

The FirstWorld War was fought for four years from 1914to 1918. New techniques such as the trench warfare, air surveying, air boming and battle tanks were used. After the German submarines sunk the ship Lustiania, a large contingent of American army reached France. The Arabs revolted against the Turkish hegemony. Portugal, Rumania and Greece joined England. After Germany's defeat at Marne in 1918, Turkey, Austria and Bulgaria surrendered. Kaiser William II, the emperor of Germany was foreced to abdicate and Germany signed an armistice which ended the war.

THE RESULTS:
Millions of people including the civilians, died in the war, and many more wounded. Towns, cities, roads, dams, bridges, railways and factories were destroyed on an unprededented scale. Their reconstruction, providing jobs to the unemployed, providing food and rehabilitation to them became an impossible task. The great economic depression was also caused by the war. (1929)
The Treaty of Versailles imposed humiliating conditions on Germany. Turkey lost its hold on Armenia, which became a separate republic. In the Balkan region, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia and Hungary were created.

The loss of life, bloodshed and the destruction caused by the war created a desire for preventing wars and fostering peace. To fulfil this ardent desire, the League of Nations was established.

What events led to the outbreak of World War I?
Serbian Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife; Germany (an ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia (an ally of Serbia); Germany attacked Belgium; Great Britain declared war on Germany

Why was Europe on the brink of war in 1914?
Ans: rising tensions as result of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

OVERVIEW

•65 million combatants from 30 countries representing every continent
•29 million become casualties
•Naval battles around the world and land battles in Europe, Africa, and Asia
•Triple Alliance = Germany, Austria, Italy
•+Turkey + Bulgaria - Italy = Central Powers
•Entente Cordiale = Britain, France
•+ Russia + Italy + (later) US = Allied Powers
•Revolutionary technology, but evolutionary tactics

ROAD TO WAR•Germany, Italy, Russia, Austro-Hungary all fairly recently “unified” with significant internal unrest
•Germany seeks new markets/prestige of colonies
•Massive arms race
•Multiple and extensive alliances

1914
•June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, is assassinated in Sarajevo
•July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
•August 1 Germany declares war on Russia
•August 3 Germany declares war on France
•August 4 Great Britain declares war on Germany

•August 4 Germany invades neutral Belgium
•August 26-30 German army achieves its greatest victory of the war on the Eastern front at the Battle of Tannenberg
•September 5-10 First Battle of the Marne halts German invasion in France
•September 15 First trenches of the Western front are dug

1915

•January 19, 1915 First German Zeppelin air raid on England
•February 4 Germany declares a submarine blockade of Great Britain. Any boat approaching England is considered a legitimate target
•April 22-May 5 Second Battle of Ypres marks first use of chemical weapons
•April 25 Allies begin assault on Gallipoli peninsula in Turkey
•May 7 Sinking of the passenger ship Lusitania
•Killed 1200, 123 Americans
•May 23 Italy declares war on Austria-Hungary
•August 30 Germany responds to U.S. anger by ceasing to sink ships without warning
•December 28 Allies begin withdrawal of troops from Gallipoli

1916

•February 21 - December 18, 1916 The longest battle of the war, the Battle of Verdun, is fought to a draw with an estimated one million casualties
•July 1-November 18 The Battle of the Somme results in an estimated one million casualties and no breakthrough for the Allies
•December 31 Russian Rasputin, is murdered by relatives of the Tsar.

1917

•February 1, 1917 Germany again declares unrestricted submarine warfare
•April 6 The United States declares war on Germany
•July 6 T.E. Lawrence and the Arabs capture Aquaba
•July 16-November 10 Third Battles of Ypres, known as Passchendaele, results in minor gains, but still no breakthrough
•November 7 Bolshevik socialists, led by Lenin, overthrow Kerinsky government
•December 3 The new Russian government, represented by Leon Trotsky, signs an armistice with Germany
•December 9 British capture Jerusalem

1918

•January 8, 1918 President Woodrow Wilson declares his 14 points as the path to world peace
•March 21 Germans launch the first of five major offensives to win the war before American troops appear in the trenches
•April 25 British and Australian troops stop the German advance near Amiens
•May 23 German shells land on Paris
•August 8 Allied counteroffensives on the Somme push the German army back
•September 29 Allied troops break through the German fortifications at the Hindenberg line
•November 11 At eleven o'clock on the eleventh day of the eleventh month of 1918, the war ends as Germany and Allies sign an Armistice

Schlieffen Plan

•Germans want to finish off French before Russia is ready to fight
•Germans believe French will immediately try to retake Alsace-Lorraine
•Original plan called for economy of force on the left while heavily weighting the right flank
• Von Moltke revised and distributed forces more evenly across the front
•Plan failed when Germans were held up by Belgians, then stopped by French and British at the Battle of the Marne
•Russians also mobilized more quickly than expected

TRENCH WARFARE

•Machine gun and artillery make it difficult to attack a trench
•Huge artillery preps make “No Man’s Land” virtually impassable
•Huge casualties for attackers

RUTHLESS TACTICS

-Chemical warfare made trench warfare more horrible
-Mustard/Blister agents deployed
-First used on French in 1915

UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATIONS

UNITED NATION’S ORGANIZATION

After the First World War, to save the nations from the scourge of future wars, League of Nations was established. But it failed. It was for the same purpose, after the Second World War, United Nations Organization was established. The leaders who took interest to establish this world organization were the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Stalin of Russia, and the President of U.S.A., F.D. Roosewelt. These leaders had assembled in a conference at Yalta during 1945 and decided to start the U.N.O. Accordingly, on the 24th day of October 1945, the U.N.O. was
inaugurated with its headquarters in New York city. There were only 51 states who enrolled themselves as members of U.N.O., when it was started. India was one of them. Today there are about 191 nations who are the members of U.N.O. Any nation can enroll as a member of this world organization. India being a member has upheld the goals of the organization.

AIMS OF THE U.N.O. :

(1) To promote International peace and security.

(2) To promote friendly relations on the basis of equality among all the nations of world.
(3) To promote International co-operation among the people of the world to develop economic, social and cultural matters and finding solution to various international problems. To encourage securing of Human and Fundamental rights.

The main agencies of the U.N.O. are : (1) General Assembly, (2) Security
Council, (3) Economic and Social Council, (4) Trusteeship Council, (5) Secretariat, and (6) International Court of Justice.

1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY : The General Assembly is the general body of the U.N.O. consisting of all the members of U.N.O. Every member nation can send five representatives but each nation has a single vote. One can call the General Assembly as the parliament of the U.N.O. It is an important organization of the U.N.O. The general body meeting is called in the month of September every year. Emergency meetings of the Assembly may be summoned depending on the needs of the situation. This assembly has power to discuss all matters coming under its purview
and deliver its decisions. All decisions of importance are passed by 2/3 majority of members present at voting. Attendance of members depends on the subject discussed. The Assembly prepares the Annual Budget and approves it. It also decides the rate of contribution of each member state. The General Assembly carries out its function with the help of various committees. During last September 2000, the Millennium Conference of the Assembly was convened in New York City. One hundred and fifty nations of the world had taken part. Our Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajapey had participated in this summit. This summit gave call to fight against Terrorism in a concerted manner. We are proud to remember that Vijayalakshmi Pandit, sister of Jawaharlal Nehru, was elected as the President of the general assembly. She was the first woman president of the General Assembly of the U.N.O.

2. SECURITY COUNCIL : Security Council is the most important organ of the U.N.O. as its role is wide and it is expected to protect peace and security in the world. The Council consists of 15 members of which five are permanent members and the remaining ten are temporary members, who are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years. Every member of the Council has a right to vote but permanent members have a right to veto, and when such veto is exercised, such a matter will not become a decision. England, America, Russia, France and China are the permanent members of the Security Council. Security Council has the power to admit or reject the membership of a new member to the General Assembly. The Council has power to suggest the name of the Secretary-General of the U.N.O. But the Secretary-General is elected by the General Assembly. Even in the election of the Judges of the International Court of Justice, it has its own role to play. In the recent past, there is a proposal to expand the permanent membership of the Council. Some nations of the world wanted to bring about some reforms in the U.N.O. In this direction, during the month of April 2000, U.S.A. brought certain proposals before the Council to raise the membership of the Security Council from 15 to 21 and to abolish the ‘Veto’ by providing equal votes to all the members of the Security Council. This was taken up for discussion in the General Assembly which was called during November 2000. Hundred and eight members had participated and it was suggested that India being a biggest democracy be made a member of the Council. India, as a non alienment nation had played an important
role as a member of U.N.O. It is because of this that a number of nations have suggested its name for the membership of the Security Council.

3. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL : Creation of conducive conditions for the progress through change in economic and social environment is the purpose of the Council. A Committee of 54 members of the U.N.O. is constituted for this purpose. These members are elected by the General Assembly. The term of a member is three years. Every year 1/3 members, i.e. 18 will retire. However a retired member is eligible for re-election. The Committee meets twice in a year. The aims of the Council are: (1) To assure better standard of life, employment opportunities to improve the economic and social standards of the society among the people of its member nations.

(2) To provide solutions to various international problems relating to health and social and economic matters.

(3) To encourage co-operation in the fields of culture and education.

(4) To promote respect for Human Rights throughout the world and create awareness about these rights.

(5) To provide fundamental rights to all the citizens irrespective of sex, race, religion and language. The Council can render advice on the above issues and organize programmes to promote them.

4. THE TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL : After the Second World War, a dispute arose about the distribution of imperial possessions belonging to the vanquished nations. In order to settle such disputes this Council was created. The objective of this Council is to help securing independence to such territories which were under foreign rule. To carry on the administration of such territories, a committee was constituted, after entering into a ‘trusteeship pact’ on following lines:
1. The number of such nations who were selected to be in charge to look
after the administration of such territories.
2. The permanent members of the Security Council.
3. Three elected members from the General Assembly for a term of three
years.
Most of such territories which were under trusteeship have now attained
independence.

5. THE SECRETARIAT AND THE SECRETARY GENERAL : The main administrativeoffice of the secretariat is at Lake success near New York. The Secretary-General is the chief of the Secretariat and his term of office is five years. He carries the administration on the instruction issued by the Permanent Members of the Security Council.

6. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE : The International Court of Justice is one of the principal organs of the U.N.O. It was created by an international treaty. All members of the U.N.O. are parties to the statute of the court. The court settles disputes among its member nations. It also gives advice to the different bodies of the United Nations. There are 15 judges and their term of office is nine years. The Security Council and the General Assembly elect these judges. Every year five judges retire and they are eligible for re-election. Such elected judges are prohibited from taking up any job or participate in any political activities. The judges of the International Court of Justice are prohibited from appearing before any court in the world and they are prohibited to represent any country. The judges of this court enjoy a number of privileges. We are proud of the fact that Nagendra Singh and Benagal Shiva Rao of India were the judges of the International Court of Justice.
The headquarters of this court is located in the city, the Hague of Holland.

VARIOUS AGENCIES OF THE U.N.O.1. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (F.A.O.) :

It was set up in 1945. The purpose of F.A.O. is to fight against poverty, malnutrition and hunger in the world. The Administrative office is in Rome. The main functions of this organization are :

1.To encourage the food production by promoting improved conditions of
cultivation in the world.

2.Encourage the consumption of nutritious food among the peoples.

3.To protect the natural resources and provide agricultural facilities.
4.Improving living conditions of the rural people.

2. THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (W.H.O.) :

It was set up in 1948 with the purpose of improving the physical and mental health of all. In this direction a number of programmes are taken under by this organisation. In the first place, mention may be made of the steps taken to fight against AIDS throughout the world. The fight against the epidemics like cholera, plague, malaria, small pox etc. was
spearheaded by it. Further it has taken up the programme of combating diseases by providing nutritious food. It also spreads knowledge on hygiene. The greatest achievement of this organisation is the total elimination of small pox from the world. The organisation has started a battle against population explosion and protection of environment and maintenance of ecological balance.

3. THE UNESCO : The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation is one of the important organs of the U.N.O. Its purpose is to promote collaboration among nations in the field of education, science and culture. Its headquarters is located in Paris. This organisation was established on 4th November 1946.

Its aims are :

(1) Establishment of peace,

(2) Promotion of human rights,

(3)Man is the center of development,

(4) Utilization of science and technology only for the improvement of human life,

(5) Promotion of education,

(6) Trying to strike a balance between human beings and environment, (7) Educating the masses against growth of population,

(8) Promotion of information technology,
(9) Encouraging creative mental and cultural environment to promote peace and prosperity of the world.
In 2001, there were 158 nations as its members. It is also striving to protect sites and centres of historical and cultural importance. India, is also a founder member of this organisation. India has hosted a number of its conference and extended its full support by observing the International Year of Education, International Year of Children, International Year of Women etc. India, with the cooperation
of the UNESCO has undertaken a number of projects like N.C.E.R.T.,
N.H.E.E.S (aimed at providing nutritious food, promoting health, education, environment and sanitation), DACEV meant for promoting pre-primary education etc. The UNESCO thus is trying its best to promote science and technology and culture.

4. I.L.O. : The International Labour Organisation was established with an aim to promote the welfare of working classes. Its headquarters is at Geneva in Switzerland. The administration is carried by an administrative council constituting representatives of workers and employers. Every nation sends two representatives one from the workers and the other from the management. The important work of this organisation is

* to provide social security to the workers and to improve their living standard.

* To assure minimum wages to workers, maternity benefits to female workers, nutritious food, shelter and entertainment to all the working classes. It provides opportunity to the workers to participate in the management. However, all these decisions are only advisory in nature and not binding on member nations.

5. U.N.I.C.E.F. :

The United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund is an unique organ
of United Nations, as it is striving to improve the living conditions of women and children in the developing nations. It was established in 1946. It came into existence to help the displaced children after the Second World War. Later, its functions were extended to the welfare of children of developing nations during the 1950s. However, it became a permanent organisation in 1957 and is carrying on its functions. It consists of 30 members, appointed by the UNESCO. The administrative office is in New York. It has provided aid for more than 116 nations and won Nobel Prize for peace in 1965 for its good work. UNICEF greeting cards are sold and the money so collected is used for the welfare of children. Hence the card must be purchased by every one to help the cause of children’s welfare. This organisation helps to provide milk and mid-day meal to the children of developing nations. It provides help to ladies during their pregnancy period. Prevention of immoral trafficking of children is also its aim. As it is carrying humanitarian service it has become very popular in the world.

6. THE I.M.F. :

International Monetary Fund was established in 1945. However, it
started functioning only in 1947. Its headquarters is in Washington D.C. Its aims are as follows:

(1) To advise on matters of International Economic problems.

(2) Maintain balance in World Trade so that employment opportunities are provided in all the nations.

(3) To maintain stability in exchange rate in various currencies.

(4) To promote world Trade so that all nations of the world may progress by increasing the income, and

(5) To promote the economic stability of all nations through economic
co-operation.

7. THE I.B.R.D. :

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the World Bank came into existence in 1947. More than 175 nations are its members. Its headquarters is in Washington D.C. The IBRD was mainly established to reconstruct the countries subjected to damages during the Second World War. But, today it is helping all the nations in the field of agriculture, transport, etc., by providing loans.
Its aims are:

(1) To promote progress and development through economic reconstruction.

(2) To maintain a balance in international trade by providing capital.
(3) To provide financial help to various development projects of nations. (4) To provide guarantee to certain private industries in a selected manner for the loans they borrow, and

5) To provide long-term loans to its member states for their larger development. This organisation has become a ray of hope to the developing nations.

8.THE U.N.C.T.A.D. :

The United Nations Trade and Commerce Development works for the economic development of developing nations. It promotes trade and commerce. Its other programmes are:

(1) To review the policies of commerce.

(2) To discuss various inter-state problems between the governments of the world.

(3) To reach consensus among nations through discussions and conferences.

(4) To provide technological cooperation.

(5) To supervise the management of the existing programmes of development.
The meeting of the UNCTAD is convinced twice a year. It is instrumental in promoting social and economic reconstruction.

9. THE W.T.O. :

World Trade Organisation, a conference to study the Trade and Commerce in the world was held in Urugay on 15 December 1993 and it supported the idea of constituting World Trade Organisation. On the basis of its recommendation W.T.O. was established on 1st January 1995. This is a statutory body and about 140 nations are members. They have signed an agreement GATT (General Agreement of Trade and Tariff) in Geneva. So this is an international body which helps to settle any dispute concerning trade and commerce between the various nations of the world. The main aim of this is to cooperate with the World Bank, in shaping an economic policy. Through such policies, it is aimed to achieve progress in the field of trade and commerce. But the decision for free trade among nations has caused distress to developing nations.

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS
The major objectives of the U.N.O. is to maintain peace in the world. The
United Nations was helpful in avoiding several wars. It has successfully reduced tension in nearly 300 critical situations. It prevented large scale war in the following cases:

1. War between Iran and Soviet Russia during 1946.
2. In 1947, it helped to solve a problem arising in Indonesia and also
prevented the chances of Civil war in Greece.
3. The Arab invasion on Israel in 1948 was prevented by ordering of ceasefire. However the conflict is still alive.
4. It solved Korean problems by giving independence to South Korea.
5. In 1956, it solved the Suez Canal Crisis.
6. It is only because of U.N.O. that the Vietnam crisis came to an end.
7. The Congo problem was solved during 1960.
8. Though a cease-fire was ordered in the case of Kashmir in 1948, the
conflict is still alive.
9. It freed Kuwait from Iraqi invasion during 1991.
10. Namibia and Angola got independence by the efforts of the UNO.
However, U.N.O. has also met with failures in certain cases. E.g.: The problem between Hungary and Poland in 1956. Similar is the conflict between Israel and Palestine. The possibility of the Third World War was prevented by the efforts of the U.N.O. It is a most notable achievement. Through its organs like I.L.O., W.H.O., UNICEF it has rendered yeoman service in international co-operation and development.

INDIA AND THE UNITED NATIONS
India is wedded to the principles of the U.N.O. as it is a member from the day of its inception. India has always looked upon the U.N.O. as a leading light in matters of establishing peace in the world. India always played a leading role in the U.N.O. in opposing the colonial rule and supporting the cause of newly born nations. India played a significant role in many of the peace keeping operations of the U.N.O. India has always demonstrated her faith in solving the problems through peaceful means. It has always believed in coexistence, which is the foundation stone of India’s foreign policy. It has always strongly urged the peaceful settlement of international disputes.

INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY
After the Second World War, India attained independence in 1947. After the World War the world was divided into two opposite power blocs headed by the former Soviet Union and the United States of America. The rivalry among these nations created an atmosphere of tension, fear and mutual distrust and suspicion. Therefore, India decided to adopt the policy of non-alignment. By this India was not a party to any political and military bloc and to take an independent stand on world issues.

The architect of this foreign policy of India was the late Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. He was a Gandhian and a humanitarian. He based the foreign policy of cooperation through which peace could be established in the entire war-torn world. e decided to maintain friendly relationship with all the nations of the world. Nehru was of the opinion that to reduce tension and conflict in the world peaceful coexistence was an alternative. Five principles, known as ‘Panchasheela’ were formulated on April 29, 1954 as part of India-China agreement. They are:

(1) Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. (2) Mutual non-aggression.
(3) Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.

(4) Belief in equality and working for mutual benefit, and

(5) Peaceful co-existence.

INDIA’S RELATIONS WITH OTHER COUNTRIESIndia has a rich heritage of peace, friendship and co-operation. We have
numerous examples to show this from our past history. On no occasions India has sent her troops to conquer other countries but it has sent messengers to spread ethics and culture. After independence, India has adopted friendly relations with her neighbours, it is a member of the Commonwealth, the SAARC and the ASEAN. INDIA AND U.S.A.: The United States and India are the two major democratic nations in the world. Further, America had pleaded for the cause of independence
of India during her struggle. It was the then president of America, Franklin Roosevelt who supported the cause of Indian independence. When there was a clash between China and India, America had helped India. The United States of America has extended economic help to India for her development. But when America entered a defence alliance with Pakistan, the relationship was somewhat strained. Apart from this there are a number of reasons which led to differences of opinion which led to troubled relationship between the two big democracies of the world. However, during the regime of President Kennedy, matters improved. But this trend was not continued by the future Presidents. Later in 1978, during Jimmy Carter’s regime the relationship improved; but even that did not last long. In recent past, that too after the visit of Clinton, the economic sanctions against India were removed.

INDIA AND RUSSIA :

The relationship between the Soviet Union and India has a long history. No doubt after attaining independence in 1947, India had opposed policies of colonialism and imperialism. This attitude of India welded the bond of friendship between the former Soviet Union and India, which is continuing even today. After the Second World War, India followed the policy of non-alignment, which was not liked by the United States; however Russia continued her alliance with India. More than this the Soviet Union supported India on all international issues including on Kashmir. During the Liberation of Goa in 1961 and the war against China during 1962, Soviet Union supported India. The Soviet Union, mediated Tashkent Agreement in 1966 between India and Pakistan. Twenty year pact was concluded between India and Soviet Union in 1971. The Soviet Union aided the establishment of Steel Plants in Bhilai and Bokaro and Aunge Power Plant in Haridwar. In 1985, Rajiv Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India, paid a visit to Russia and signed a treaty of economic and technological co-operation. Under this treaty India received a long term loan of Rs. 2,883 crores in 1986. Through all these,
Indo-Russian friendship and cultural relations have strengthened. One happy feature is that even after the break-up of the former USSR, the friendship between Russia and India is continuing. Besides, Kashmir, Russia is supporting India for securing a permanent membership in the Security Council.

INDIA AND CHINA :

Over centuries China and India have lived as friendly neighbours. This relationship is quite long, belonging back to the days of Lord Buddha. But India’s policy towards Tibet changed Chinese attitude towards India.
During 1950, Chinese attacked Tibet and forced the Tibetan King to sign a treaty. However, India opposed this as it has always supported the autonomy of Tibet. Further, a treaty was concluded between India and China in 1955. Taking undue advantage of this treaty, China occupied Tibet in 1989. After the Chinese aggression of Tibet, Tibetan religious head Dalai Lama took shelter in India. This enraged China and it attacked India which led to India-China war in 1962. Illegally China has
occupied nearly 12,000 square miles of territory belonging to India.
India, has expressed her friendship even after such brutal attack on her
territories. China has occupied the Akashichin area belonging to Kashmir. It was due to India’s pleading that China had secured its place in U.N.O. However, in recent past i.e. from 1976, relationships are improving. China has reappointed its ambassador to India.

INDIA AND BANGLADESH:

Bangladesh was known as East Pakistan. In 1971, the struggle ended and Bangladesh became independent country. India had helped the people of Bangladesh in their struggle for freedom against Pakistan. Since 1971, there have been political, economic and cultural co-operation between India and Pakistan. During 1974, both the Prime Ministers of Bangladesh and India met in Dhaka and concluded a treaty for twenty years of peace, cooperation and friendly relations. It was because of this treaty the long pending problems of Farakka Barrage was solved. However, the problem of migrants from the Chittagong Hilly area, smuggling along the borders etc. are yet to be solved. Lakhs of Bangladeshi citizens have illegally entered and settled down in India. Bangladesh is also sheltering many anti-India terrorist outfits.

INDIA AND NEPAL :

Nepal is a Kingdom in the ranges of the Himalayas. India has traditional and friendly relations with Nepal. The border between these two countries are always open to trade. Commerce and transport take place without any restrictions. Nepal, being a land locked country, depends on India for her trade with other countries. According to the treaty of 1971, the products of Nepal are exempted from tariff. Though India has given all help, Nepal ill-treated Indians in Nepal. The recent terrorist activities in Nepal have caused concern for India. SAARC headquarters is located in Nepal’s capital city of Khatmandu. The recent killings of the members of the Royal family and Moaist movement have created problems in Nepal. However, India has stood by Nepal on all occasions of its national crisis.

INDIA AND SRI LANKA :

India’s links with Sri Lanka are rooted deep in history and mythology from the days of Ramayana. Sri Lanka is predominantly a Buddhist country and cordial relationship between the two countries are continuing. There are two prominent groups in Sri Lanka, one the Sinhalese and the other the Tamils. Both these groups trace their origin to India. However in the recent past, there is a conflict between them. The Sri Lankans are mostly Buddhists. The Tamil-speakers consider themselves as belonging to Dravidian race. The claim of the Tamils of Sri
Lanka for a separate state has led to a civil war. The escalation of violence and large scale killings have caused concern to India. Being our next neighbour, India has helped Sri Lanka in many ways. An accord was signed over an island in the Palk Straight during 1974-76. There is also a treaty over sea trade between the two countries. During 1988, a treaty was concluded between Jayawardhane and Rajiv Gandhi and a Peace Keeping Force was despatched. However, later this had to be withdrawn. India had maintained good relationship with Tamil group called L.T.T.E. But the terrorists belonging to this outfit caused violence in India and ultimately assassinated Rajiv Gandhi.

INDIA AND PAKISTAN :

The division of India is an unfortunate development. Historically, geographically, culturally and economically the two countries have much in common. Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan, has been raising disputes over issues like property, border, distribution of river water etc. Kashmir issue has become a bone of contention between the two countries, which led to wars more than once. There are other reasons like Pakistan’s treaty with other countries like China, military agreements, cross border terrorism, trade, water dispute, continuing problem of minorities in both the coutries. Three wars have been fought becasue of Kashmir. Eventhough Kashmir is an inseperable part of India, Pakistan has continued its wrong claim on Kashmir. Except Kashmir, there are no other serious problems between the two countries. However, India is trying her best to pursue the policy of good neighbourliness with Pakistan. If there are any differences including Kashmir it can be sorted out through negotiations.

EXERCISES
I Fill up the blanks with suitable words:
1. The Security Council of UNO consists of .............. members.
2. The headquarters of UNESCO is in .............................. city.
3. The other name of IRBD is....................................
4. India entered Panchasheela treaty with............................
5. The summit conference between India and Pakistan was arranged in the city of ...................
in Russia.
6. The name of the religious head of Tibet who migrated to India is.................................
7. The Indians who served in the world court were..............................
8. The Chinese occupied area of India is..................................
9. The Tamil terrorist group fighting in Sri Lanka is....................

II Answer in two or three sentences:
1. What is the main aim of the United Nation Organisation?
2. What are the functions of the Security Council.
3. What are the problems that India is facing with her neigbouring countries (i) Pakistan
(ii) Sri Lanka
4. Has the foreign policy of India is successful. Justify.
5. Expand these words : WHO, IMF, ILO

III Activities:
1. Arrange a mock Assembly of the U.N.O. in your school.
2. Arrange a debate on non-alignment policy of India.
3. Discuss: The human rights and communalism

Sachin's

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Sunday, September 11, 2011

SECOND WORLD WAR

WORLD WAR I

UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATIONS

Friday, September 9, 2011

HISTOBLOG: Building the great pyramid

HISTOBLOG: kerala history

HISTOBLOG: Chartist Movement

HISTOBLOG: Jean-François Champollion

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